Action research is an example of qualitative research. It refers to a wide range of evaluative or investigative methods designed to analyze professional practices and take action for improvement. Commonly used in education, those practices could be related to instructional methods, classroom practices, or school organizational matters. The creation of action research is attributed to […]
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Snowball sampling is a type of non-probability sampling method in which the new participants for the study are recruited with the help of current participants in the study. The sample group expands like a rolling snowball; hence the name “snowball” is used for this sampling method. It can be thought of as chain referral as the
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A focus group is a group of people brought together for a qualitative research project to answer questions as a group. It is used in academia, political polling, and product user testing. The benefit of a focus group is that it can gain a wide range of people’s detailed perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards
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Countertransference refers to a therapist’s emotional reactions and projections towards a client based on the therapist’s own personal experiences or unresolved feelings. This concept is an important reminder that therapists are humans with their own psychological needs. First coined by Sigmund Freud, the term was initially seen as a negative (Freud & Breuer, 1895). And
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Context in communication refers to the environment or setting in which communication takes place, which includes elements like the participants, the physical setting, the psychological environment, and the cultural backdrop. The context of a communication process shapes the meaning, interpretation, and effectiveness of the encoded messages transmitted between the sender and the receiver. For example,
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Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts. It examines the influence of interpersonal and group dynamics on human behavior, beliefs, and emotions. Key theorists in social psychology include Albert Bandura, who demonstrated how children mimic influential adults through his Bobo Doll Experiment, and Lev Vygotsky, who
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The term Zeitgeist originates from the German language and means “spirit of the time”. It refers to the thoughts, beliefs, and cultural ethos that define a particular period in history. In a broader sense, the term zeitgeist has been employed in various spheres of study such as sociology, philosophy and cultural studies to describe the
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Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of human and animal behavior and mental processes. It places a specific emphasis on identifying common patterns between animals and humans that can be reveal the evolutionary influences on our behaviors. Driven by a mix of research from behavioral biology, evolutionary trends, and cognition,
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Qualitative data refers to data that is non-numerical. It can include interview transcripts, video data, images, observation notes, and so on. The great benefit of qualitative data is that it allows researchers to achieve rich, detailed, and unique insights into a phenomenon in a way that quantitative data cannot. However, its downside is that it
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Quantitative data refers to data that is numerical numerical. It can be measured, counted, and statistically analyzed. The benefit of quantitative data is that it can, when used with sound methodological principles, allow us to make generalizations about entire populations beyond the sample examined. It is contrasted to qualitative data, which refers to data that
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