Incidental learning is when a person learns by accident. They may be engaged in some activity for purely entertainment purposes, but they end up learning something in the process. Learning was not a conscious goal, but simply a by-product of some other activity. Marsick and Watkins (1990) define incidental learning: “…as a byproduct of some […]
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Bureaucratic theory explains the setup, operation, and management of organizations as formal, rational, well-organized, hierarchical systems. According to bureaucratic theory, organizations have well-defined rules and processes and focus on efficiency. They are characterized by task specialization, well-trained employees, a hierarchical structure, managerial dedication and impersonality. Max Weber (1864-1920), widely regarded as a founder of modern
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Hegemonic Stability Theory (HST for short) describes the dynamics of the new economic and political world order founded after World War II. HST is based on research from political science, economics, and history. At the core of this theory lies the assumption that a stable liberal economic world order needs to be dominated by a
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A high-context culture is a culture in which people rely heavily on nonverbal and implicit communication. In anthropology, high-context and low-context cultures are the ends of a continuum portraying the level of explicit information and the importance of context in a given culture. They indicate the range of communication tools (verbal messages, gestures, etc.) that
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Modernization theory is a theory explaining how societies develop and become modern. It charts how societies progressively transition from a traditional, pre-modern stage of development to a modern, industrial stage. Modernization theory assumes that all societies follow a similar path of development. They start as traditional societies, characterized by low economic development, a simple division
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Social facilitation is a concept in social psychology that describes the often-observed phenomenon that people work harder and perform better on tasks in the presence of other people. In other words, people do worse on tasks alone and perform better when they are working alongside someone else or in the presence of other people. Social
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Dependency theory explains the global economic system by describing how developing countries depend on developed countries for economic growth. At the same time, the wealth of developed countries is built on the exploitation of developing countries, portraying this through a model of “peripheral” and “core” economies. Resources flow from poor “peripheral” states to a “core”
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Collaboration refers to the process of coming together as a group of two or more people in order to work in common interests. It generally involves working toward shared goals. We see examples of collaboration in our everyday life, from seeing brands coming together to cross-promote each others’ products to teams at school working on
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A low-context culture is a culture in which people communicate explicitly. They rely less on context & non-verbal cues and instead convey meaning more directly. Low-context and high-context cultures are the ends of a continuum portraying how cultures communicate. It describes the level of explicit information and the importance of context in a given culture,
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Anthropocentrism is the idea that the human experience is the center from which to structure and organize the world. This worldview is evident in most dominant philosophies and religions today. However, it is criticized by some influential contemporary philosophers such as Peter Singer. Examples of anthropocentrism can be seen in the willingness of humans to
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