Cultural lag refers to the idea that some aspects of culture change more slowly than others. It is a phenomenon that occurs when one part of a society (usually technological innovations) changes faster than another (culture), leading to a gap or “lag” between the two (Woodard, 1934). The term also refers to the resulting social […]
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Vicarious conditioning refers to learning through observing other people’s responses to an environmental stimulus that is noticeable to the observer and the model (Kibler & Shea, 2005). Observers imitate successful models. Vicarious conditioning, therefore, produces increased imitation of the model by the observer. In vicarious conditioning, an individual does not have to experience the consequences
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Biocentrism is an ethical worldview that states that all living things carry an inherent value and are therefore to be considered morally (Attfield, 2013). Examples of biocentrism include embracing vegetarianism, being anti-deforestation, opposing the fur trade, and opposing animal testing. We define biocentrism in contrast to ecocentrism and anthropocentrism, which each refer to differing approaches
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Ecocentrism is an ethical worldview that recognizes the inherent value of all lifeforms and ecosystems themselves which are in turn to be considered morally (Washington, Taylor, Kopnina, Cryer, & Piccolo, 2017). It breaks from anthropocentrism, which places humans at the top of a value hierarchy, and instead proposes a more holistic worldview. Similarly, it goes
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Structuralism is a school of thought in psychology that attempts to understand human consciousness by examining its underlying components. By identifying the basic and rudimentary components and examining how they operate together, it is possible to understand human behavior. This school of thought was founded by Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward Titchener. The goal
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Totalitarianism is a form of government in which the state holds total control over society and seeks to regulate every aspect of public and private life (Gregor, 2012; Gregor, 2008; Siegel, 1998; Guilhot, 2005). Several things are typically considered characteristics of totalitarianism. Examples of totalitarianism characteristics include: The term entered mainstream Western political discourse after
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The spiral of silence theory is a model of communication that explains the dynamic process by which individuals’ willingness to express their opinions publicly may change in response to the perceived majority or minority viewpoints (Noelle-Neumann, 1974). According to the theory, individuals will be more confident and outward with their opinion when they see that
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Cultivation theory is a sociological and communications theory that examines the ways exposure to media (primarily television) affects individuals and society. According to the theory, people who are regularly exposed to media for long periods are more likely to perceive the world as it is presented by the media they consume. This means that lasting
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The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, posits that emotional experiences are based on two factors: (1) physiological arousal and (2) cognitive label. According to Schachter-Singer theory, when an emotion is felt, a physiological response occurs, and the person experiencing the emotion uses the immediate environment to search for
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Asynchronous learning refers to instructional approaches that do not occur in the same time and place as formalized classroom teaching. The term is commonly applied in the context of digital and online learning platforms. The educational content comes in the form of pre-recorded lessons that students can complete independently. Assessment can also occur online through
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