Machiavellianism is a personality trait characterized by a manipulative, cynical view of the people and environment around an individual. Those who possess a high degree of Machiavellianism usually see morality as a tool to attain their goals and feel comfortable resorting to manipulations or trickery to reach them. The term get its name from Niccolò […]
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In psychology, sensation refers to the unique process of how people receive information through their senses, which include touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. Essentially, the sensation is the ability of human sensory organs to convert stimuli such as light, sound waves, and temperature into neural impulses that a brain can interpret, in a process
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Overgeneralization is a cognitive distortion that involves making broad assumptions about a nuanced topic. It is closely related to the hasty generalization fallacy. This type of thinking is based on a person’s inaccurate belief system that is often a result of personal bias, narrowmindedness, or lack of experience (Chambless, 2002). An example of overgeneralization is
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Latent inhibition, first described by psychologists Richard Lubow and Robert Moore in 1973, refers to the fact that prior exposure to a stimulus decreases its effectiveness as a stimulant. Latent inhibition is a phenomenon that can impact how we learn and behave by affecting the processing of information. Repeated exposure causes habituation, making the brain
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A confirmation bias is when we look for information that supports our preexisting opinion. We start with a view of a particular issue and then search for information that upholds that view. Although it is a bias, it is not usually intentional, meaning it’s a type of implicit bias. It is a natural tendency of
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A gender stereotype is a preconceived notion of someone based upon their gender. They often lead to prejudices and biases that unfairly change how you perceive and interact with people. We can usually dissect the below gender stereotype examples across four types of stereotypes: Below are a range of feminine and masculine stereotypes that still
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Ingroup bias is the tendency to favor individuals that are in the same group as ourselves. We sometimes also call this the affinity bias. In-groups can be formed on a wide range of attributes, including gender, race, ethnicity, age, neighborhood, geographic region, religion, nationality, or sports team (just to name a few). One of the
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10 Belief Perseverance Examples 1. Political bias A person may search for information confirming their beliefs about certain political issues, overlooking evidence that challenges those views. So, if they already think that a certain political party is wrong, they may selectively seek out media reports and other information which reinforce this perspective. 2. Intergroup bias
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Transduction is the process of translating a psychological stimulus into an emotional response. In other words, it is the way our brains transform sensory input from physical stimuli into internal experiences like joy, fear, or happiness. For example, let’s say you see an approaching dog with bared teeth and a loud bark. Your brain takes
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Continuous reinforcement is a behavior reinforcement schedule where the target behavior is rewarded every time it occurs. It is juxtaposed to partial reinforcement where the reward or punishment occurs intermittently. Continual positive reinforcement of a behavior makes the behavior more likely to occur again while continual negative reinforcement disincentivizes its recurrence. This concept is part
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