A replacement behavior is a term often used in applied behavior analysis that refers to socially acceptable behavior that can replace an unwanted problem behavior (known as the target behavior). The unwanted behavior is usually disruptive to home life or classroom instruction, or possibly harmful to the student or child. The replacement behavior serves as […]
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Observable behaviors are actions that can be seen with the naked eye. They are sometimes referred to as overt behaviors. The distinction between observable and unobservable behavior is important in the theoretical orientation of behaviorism. Whereas operant conditioning theorists only considered observable and measurable behaviors to be worthy of study, other theorists held that our
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Social Justice is a type of justice and political philosophy that refers to a fair and equal division of resources, opportunities, access to wealth and social privileges in a society. The concept first surfaced in the Western world in the aftermath of the industrial revolution. It emerged as a protest to what was seen
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‘Social factors’ are the varied social categories that could affect a person’s circumstances, experiences, and social position. Examples of social factors include: Social scientists often use social factors as key metrics in their studies. For example, it’s not uncommon for a social scientist to study how a social factor affects a person’s life chances. Definition
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Underrepresented groups refer to communities or individuals who have limited representation and voice in society, including in education, politics, and other decision-making bodies. This often means low participation in decision-making process at government levels and less access to job opportunities (Borghans, Ter Weel & Weinberg, 2014). It can also refer to underrepresentation in media, such
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Pavlovian response, also known as classical conditioning or respondent conditioning, is a type of learning process where an individual develops an involuntary response to a given stimulus. This form of learning was initially proposed by the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900s. In this type of learning, an individual develops a certain behavior
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The looking-glass self is a concept developed by American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley which states that individuals form their view of themselves based on how they believe they appear to others. Essentially, it suggests that to understand ourselves, we must first attempt to understand how other people see us and use this knowledge to shape
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Sensory adaptation is a phenomenon in which the body adjusts to external stimuli over time, becoming less sensitive or responsive to that particular stimulus. For instance, if you were exposed to loud noises for a long time, your brain would gradually grow accustomed and become desensitized because it slowly becomes unresponsive. Over time, your brain
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Cognitive Development Examples Theories of Cognitive Development 1. Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s theory is the most influential theory of cognitive development. This theory was a foundational theory in promoting research into cognitive milestones of children. Piaget’s theory is a stage-based theory that proposes the children develop in a series of linear and pre-set stages in their
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Counterfactual thinking refers to the cognitive process of imagining alternatives to events or situations that have transpired. It can be beneficial in some limited circumstances, such as when reflecting on an event in order to learn from past mistakes. However, it can also lead to negative outcomes, especially when people fixate on errors and live
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