Long-term memory refers to the storage of information in memory over an extended period of time. Having long-term memory allows people to remember events in their lives and various facts and concepts learned throughout their lifespan. Researchers Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin proposed one of the first models of long-term memory in 1968. It is […]
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High-stakes testing refers to when a test is used to make important decisions. High-stakes tests are used in schools, employment settings, and various professions. In the context of schools, the results of a high-stakes test can affect students, teachers, individual schools, and entire districts. Government agencies at the local, state and federal levels use the
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Gender bias refers to the unequal treatment and perceptions of individuals based on their gender. Historically, it has most frequently manifested as bias against women, such as workplace bias. Stemming from a society’s biases about gender roles, it includes stereotyping, discrimination, and unequal distribution of resources or opportunities (World Health Organization, 2019). Gender bias can
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Personal philosophy refers to an individual’s foundational beliefs, values, and attitudes that guide his or her perspectives, decisions, and behaviors (Covey, 1989). These integral elements of a person’s philosophy often shape and mold their characters, propelling them through life with their distinct take on existence, perspectives on truth, and individual ethos (Prior, 2015). Our personal
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A directional hypothesis refers to a type of hypothesis used in statistical testing that predicts a particular direction of the expected relationship between two variables. In simpler terms, a directional hypothesis is an educated, specific guess about the direction of an outcome—whether an increase, decrease, or a proclaimed difference in variable sets. For example, in
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A coaching philosophy is a coherent set of values, attitudes, and principles that guide a coach’s behavior (Martens, 2012). A coaching philosophy combines the coach’s core values, such as fairness, integrity, and honesty, with their beliefs about how athletes learn and develop (Kidman & Lombardo, 2010). The coach’s philosophy will end up shaping the coach-athlete
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Anthropology and sociology are both social sciences fields that focus on understanding human behavior, societies, and cultures. While anthropology focuses on rich and detailed explorations of cultures in the past and present, sociology typically focuses specifically on the social structures of contemporary societies, with a modern emphasis on injustices and social stratification. Here are two
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Anthropology, originating from the Greek words “anthropos”, meaning human, and “logos”, meaning study, is the scholarly investigation of human beings and their societies, with a focus on differences and commonalities, both within and among societies (Pountney & Maric, 2021). An anthropologist might, for example, conduct ethnographic fieldwork to examine how a unique culture teaches their
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Self-control involves an individual’s conscious, deliberate suppression of impulses, drives, or urges that, if acted upon, could lead to undesirable consequences (Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Mart, 2018). In essence, self-control signifies the human capacity to override an inner desire, avoiding instant gratification for the sake of long-term goals (delayed gratification) or social norms. Self-control can range
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Human geography studies the relationship between human societies and spaces and places. It is a branch of the social sciences that concerns itself with our relationships with place, how we move through spaces, and the politics of space, place, and nationhood. Students who study human geography will examine patterns of migration, how humans are nourished
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