Intragenerational mobility refers to changes in the socioeconomic position and social status of an individual during their own lifetime. This can mean moving to a higher income bracket or acquiring a more esteemed status. For example, a person starts their career at an entry-level position (say a junior copywriter) and later becomes a manager (creative […]
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In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned behavior. In other words, the response has ‘gone extinct’ like the dinosaurs! Extinction tends to occur when a behavior that was learned is no longer reinforced or rewarded. However, can also occur if a person becomes desensitized to rewards. Another common
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Deindividuation is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when people are part of a group. It involves losing your sense of self and conforming to the emergent group norm without regard for morality. During deindividuation, individuals feel less self-conscious and more anonymous. As a result, they may be more likely to engage in risky or immoral
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Social loafing is when a person exerts less effort on a task because others are also involved in that task. There is an inverse relationship between an individual’s effort and the number of people involved. This is regularly observed in groupwork both in the workplace and education. When team members recognize that they can ‘slide
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Intergenerational mobility measures the degree to which children can achieve a different socioeconomic status than their parents. If children from low-income families have a good chance of earning more than their parents, then there is high intergenerational mobility. On the other hand, if children’s socioeconomic status is quite similar to that of their parents, then
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Generalized reciprocity is when a person provides goods or services to another person without the expectation of an immediate return. Although there may be an expectation of reciprocation, not always, and if there is, no set timeframe is in place. In some situations, the gesture is considered an act of charity.There is no expectation of
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The idea of behavior modeling has its roots in social learning theory. This theory holds that children learn through observation. As a result, parents and teachers should model appropriate behavior at all times when children are observing them. Modeling can, however, also be used in explicit instruction to help people learn concepts. For example, teachers
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An educational goal is an objective a person hopes to meet regarding their education. Every student, no matter the grade level, should establish a set of educational goals. This is especially important for university students because they are fast approaching the point of entering the job market and embarking on a career; hopefully a long
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Balanced reciprocity occurs when two people exchange goods, services, assistance, or favors that are more or less of equal value. The complete exchange does not have to occur immediately, but there is an expectation of reciprocity within a reasonable period of time. Human beings are very good at monitoring the exchange of resources and evaluating
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Negative reciprocity occurs when one person gets more out of an exchange than the other. One individual clearly benefits more and the other gives more. Exchanges can involve favors, goods, services, or more. In most social relations, there is a norm of reciprocity that stipulates that both parties in an interaction or relationship should benefit
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