Culture can be understood as the differences in social norms, values, beliefs, and customs of different societies. These change from one society to another and even within subcultural groups. It is these differences that result in ‘cultural variation.’ A good clear scholarly definition of cultural variation comes from Boyd & Richerson (2005, p. 53) who […]
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Social exclusion is a term used in sociology and psychology to describe a process in which individuals or groups are shut out from the rights, opportunities or resources that are available to other members of society. For example, under social exclusion, people may suffer from a combination of interlinked problems such as unemployment, discrimination, poor skills,
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Human capital refers to the value human beings contribute towards achieving the set goals of a given organization. In other words, human capital is the value that human beings possess in the form of skills and abilities which can then be used to produce a desired output. Examples of human capital include knowledge, qualifications, education,
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Survivorship bias is when the entities in a sample exist because they have survived an elimination process. This is a type of sampling bias and can unduly influence judgments about a given phenomenon. Researchers may focus their attention on cases that have survived a criterion instead of considering all cases originally involved. The famous statistician
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Affinity bias is our tendency to like people that are similar to ourselves. This is not a result of a conscious thought process; rather, it is an unconscious bias that happens automatically. Affinity bias is a type of implicit bias. One of the first researchers to studyaffinity bias were Greenwald and Banaji (1995) as part
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Quasi-experimental design refers to a type of experimental design that uses pre-existing groups of people rather than random groups. Because the groups of research participants already exist, they cannot be randomly assigned to a cohort. This makes inferring a causal relationship between the treatment and observed/criterion variable difficult. Quasi-experimental designs are generally considered inferior to
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The permissive parenting style is warm and loving, but involves few expectations or demands. The parents display an affection for the child that is more like a friendship than a parenting role. Because they provide very few rules or guidelines regarding their child’s behavior, it creates an environment where children can do as they please.
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The neglectful parenting style is uninvolved. The parents spend very little time interacting with their child and are unresponsive to their emotional needs. There are very few demands placed on the child and very little supervision of behavior. The neglectful parenting style was first identified by Maccoby and Martin (1983) as an extension of Baumrind’s
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The authoritative parenting style is responsive to the emotional needs of children, but also expert rules to be followed. This approach involves explaining the rationale behind rules and allows children to express their views. Parents are fair and consistent in the application of discipline while at the same time provide a warm and nurturing atmosphere.
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The authoritarian parenting style is characterized by strict enforcement of rules, punitive discipline, and a “tough love” approach. Children are given few (if any opportunities) to express their opinions regarding rules and the parent offers few explanations. This parenting style was first identified by Baumrind (1967) in his four parenting styles taxonomy. Many decades of
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