Anticipatory socialization is a term introduced by sociologist Robert K. Merton in 1949 to define a process that facilitates individuals’ voluntary wish to join a group or the acquisition of a person’s new role. Robert K. Merton defined anticipatory socialization as part of a study of the US Army, which found that privates who copied […]
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Eurocentrism is a way of looking at the world through a perspective centered on Western culture and values. In other words, it is a biased view that considers Western civilization (usually seen as consisting of Europe, North America, and Oceania) superior to non-Western ones. Today, eurocentrism examples are apparent in global beauty standards, media coverage,
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A variable ratio schedule of reinforcement applies an award after varying numbers of times a goal behavior has occurred. It is one of four types of partial reinforcement schedule. The variable schedule causes a randomness effect where people don’t know when they will be rewarded (or punished) for their behavior but they know there is
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Proximodistal development refers to the growth pattern found in infants and young children that starts with the torso and then emanates outwardly. It explains how gross motor control of the limbs are developed before fine motor control found in the hands and fingers. Over the first years of life, more refined control of the limbs,
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Attribution theory believes that people attempt to understand events and actions by attributing intentions, beliefs, and feelings to the events. It also holds that we tend to place causation into two categories: internal (dispositional) factors and external (situational) factors. The book The Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships by Fritz Heider (1958) is usually considered the seminal
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The tu quoque fallacy is a type of ad hominem attack. The name comes from Latin, and it means “you also.” Like any ad hominem fallacy, it involves bringing negative aspects of an opponent or their situation to attack their viewpoint. It involves rejecting someone’s views because of their supposed hypocrisy. A to quoque fallacy
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Postcolonialism theory critically examines the political, cultural, aesthetic, economic, linguistic, historical, and social impacts of (generally European) colonial rule (Elam, 2019). It involves the study of colonialism and its effects. It critiques the effects of colonialism and seeks to deconstruct its premises. The prefix “post” doesn’t imply that it is simply a system that comes
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The term ‘non sequitur’ comes from Latin and translates as “does not follow.” A non sequitur occurs if the premises don’t justify the conclusion. A simple non sequitur fallacy example would be: “All trees are tall, all tall things are yellow, therefore, all trees are green.” More specifically, the term non sequitur refers to those
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There are two main types of federalism: dual federalism (layer cake)and cooperative federalism (marble cake). Layer cake (dual) federalism: Power is divided between the federal and regional governments in clearly defined terms. It is based on the idea that the federal government and the regional governments are co-equals, and each is legislating in separate spheres.
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There are two main types of federalism: dual (layer cake) federalism and cooperative (marble cake) federalism (Grodzins, 1960). Definition of Marble Cake Federalism Marble-cake (cooperative) federalism is a subtype of federalism in which the federal government and the regional governments have a flexible relationship in which they work together on a variety of issues. The
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