Cultivation theory is a sociological and communications theory that examines the ways exposure to media (primarily television) affects individuals and society. According to the theory, people who are regularly exposed to media for long periods are more likely to perceive the world as it is presented by the media they consume. This means that lasting […]
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The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, posits that emotional experiences are based on two factors: (1) physiological arousal and (2) cognitive label. According to Schachter-Singer theory, when an emotion is felt, a physiological response occurs, and the person experiencing the emotion uses the immediate environment to search for
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Asynchronous learning refers to instructional approaches that do not occur in the same time and place as formalized classroom teaching. The term is commonly applied in the context of digital and online learning platforms. The educational content comes in the form of pre-recorded lessons that students can complete independently. Assessment can also occur online through
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Incidental learning is when a person learns by accident. They may be engaged in some activity for purely entertainment purposes, but they end up learning something in the process. Learning was not a conscious goal, but simply a by-product of some other activity. Marsick and Watkins (1990) define incidental learning: “…as a byproduct of some
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A high-context culture is a culture in which people rely heavily on nonverbal and implicit communication. In anthropology, high-context and low-context cultures are the ends of a continuum portraying the level of explicit information and the importance of context in a given culture. They indicate the range of communication tools (verbal messages, gestures, etc.) that
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Modernization theory is a theory explaining how societies develop and become modern. It charts how societies progressively transition from a traditional, pre-modern stage of development to a modern, industrial stage. Modernization theory assumes that all societies follow a similar path of development. They start as traditional societies, characterized by low economic development, a simple division
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Dependency theory explains the global economic system by describing how developing countries depend on developed countries for economic growth. At the same time, the wealth of developed countries is built on the exploitation of developing countries, portraying this through a model of “peripheral” and “core” economies. Resources flow from poor “peripheral” states to a “core”
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A low-context culture is a culture in which people communicate explicitly. They rely less on context & non-verbal cues and instead convey meaning more directly. Low-context and high-context cultures are the ends of a continuum portraying how cultures communicate. It describes the level of explicit information and the importance of context in a given culture,
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Western culture refers to the cultural traditions, societal norms, and values of the Western world, which generally encompasses Europe, the United States, and like-minded regions. The term “Western” generally refers to Europe and parts of the world heavily shaped by its inhabitants through immigration, colonization, or influence. But it is not a clearly defined geographical
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Resocialization refers to a learning process by which old roles and behaviors of individuals are replaced by new ones. We find two types of resocialization: voluntary and involuntary: Whether voluntary of involuntary, it tends to differ from anticipatory socialization because it occurs through exposure to the group over time, rather than intentionally before entering the
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