Cognitive learning refers to an approach to learning that focuses on thinking skills, such as problem-solving, categorizing, critiquing, analyzing, and evaluating. This approach sits in contrast to behavioral learning, which focuses on the ability to memorize facts rather than the ability to think things through. In essence, cognitive learning is about learning to think rather […]
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Multimedia refers to media that combine multiple means of communication. Elements that could be combined include images, text, sound, animation, video, and even interactive elements. The rise of multimedia in the past 70 years has helped us to develop more engaging and entertaining texts across mediums such as television and virtual reality. And in the
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Solidarity refers to the unity and mutual support found within groups. In contemporary discourse, it’s often associated with left-wing, working-class, and communist discourse. Group solidarity can lead to increased social cohesion, fostering an environment of mutual respect and understanding. By not breaking from their shared bonds and worldview, the group feels strong and inclusive. In
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Emile Durkheim is considered the founder of sociology, having set up foundational sociological theories, the first European department of sociology and the first academic journal dedicated to sociological thought. Alongside Max Weber and Karl Marx, Durkheim is one of the most influential sociologists of all time. As the father of sociology, he was deeply concerned
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Psychology is the social science that studies the mind. However, there is a broad range of ways to conduct this analysis, which has led to a proliferation of psychological theories. These theories can be separated into a few key categories, including: In each category, we have a range of contributing theories that have fundamentally shaped
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Psychoanalysis is the branch of psychology that investigates the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind. Founded by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, this theoretical framework aims to bring repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind, allowing an individual to confront and better understand their feelings and behaviors. The process
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Experimental control refers to the practice of isolating the effects of a single variable in an experiment to ensure that this variable is the only factor affecting the results. Generally, it involves identifying all possible confounding variables and controlling for them so you can truly see whether the independent variable is causing the expected effect
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A positive control is designed to confirm a known response in an experimental design, while a negative control ensures there’s no effect, serving as a baseline for comparison. The two terms are defined as below: The experimental group is then compared to these control groups, which can help demonstrate efficacy of the experimental treatment in
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Reductio ad absurdum is a method of argumentation that involves refuting a proposition by demonstrating an absurd outcome if the proposition is assumed true. This method it involves extending the implications of an argument to a stage of absurdity, thereby disproving the validity or common sense of the argument itself. Applying the principles of reductio
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A counterargument is a response, rebuttal, or refutation of an argument with your own argument. Its purpose is to oppose and disprove a theory that someone else has put forward. We use counterarguments extensively in debates as well as argumentative essay writing. When teaching essay writing, I teach my students to always present counterarguments to
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