Transactional Model of Communication: Examples & Definition

The transactional model of communication is based on the belief that communication is a two-way process in which both sender and receiver simultaneously send and receive messages.  In the late 1960s, Barnlund and Watzlawick crafted a model to emphasize that communication is both an exchange of information and influence. This revolutionary idea stressed each communicator’s […]

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9 Types of Deviance in Sociology

The study of deviance in sociology examines actions or behaviors that go against established social norms (Erikson, 1962; Goode, 2015). These can be formal rules like laws and informal expectations like customs and taboos.  Types of deviant behavior include:  This article will outline types of deviant behavior recognized by two theories: (1) social strain theory

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10 Positive Deviance Examples

Positive deviance refers to the phenomenon by which some individuals of a community are able to achieve exceptional results through their unique non-normative (or ‘deviant‘) behavior. Despite being in the same context and facing similar challenges as their peers, these individuals perform better and are known as positive deviants. By studying the behavior of these

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10 Ethnic Religion Examples

Ethnic religions are those that are specific to certain ethnic groups and often originate from the culture or beliefs of that particular group.  Specific cultural and racial groups often practice their own unique religions, such as Indigenous faiths, African traditional beliefs, and various forms of Hinduism. Rituals, which are a critical part of preserving cultural

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24 Conspicuous Consumption Examples

Conspicuous consumption refers to purchasing and displaying luxury goods and services to flaunt one’s wealth and social status or gain admiration from others.  This type of consumption is typically driven by the desire to impress others rather than by the actual utility or quality of the products themselves. Conspicuous consumption can be prevalent in a

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15 Oppression Examples

In Sociology, oppression refers to the unjust use of power and authority by a group, which results in the control, exploitation or mistreatment of another group. This means that oppression has a social dimension, and it affects whole categories of people, not just individuals. This control and subsequent subordination happens through different mechanisms: institutional power

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25 Major Social Problems (Examples)

Social Problems constitute a key topic in Sociology. They refer to different kinds of troubles negatively affecting a society, its social structure, and its values. Social problems can consist of global issues such as poverty, displacement, and terrorism. They can also include issues in a specific society or region, such as the pressing homelessness issue

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21 Social Injustice Examples

Social injustice occurs whenever people are treated unfairly. Its effects can last a lifetime. It limits people’s access to opportunities and can force them into poverty and even illness. Levy and Sidel (2006, p. 6) provide a good scholarly definition: “[Social injustice is] the denial or violation of economic, sociocultural, political, civil, or human rights

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