In psychology, a primary reinforcer is anything that humans innately desire. As a result, humans are motivated to do tasks that will lead to the acquisition of a primary reinforcer. A primary reinforcer is usually a basic need related to the satisfaction of a biologically driven desire. For example, water, food, sleep, and shelter are […]
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Habituation is the decreased response that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a stimulus. When first exposed to a stimulus, such as a sound, the stimulus will get our attention and evoke a response (a ‘conditioned stimulus‘). However, after experiencing the stimulus repeatedly over a prolonged period of time, we may develop sensory
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Medicalization refers to the act of excessively defining and medically treating conditions, behaviors or attitudes. This phenomenon has occurred when medical professionals, pharmaceutical drug manufacturers, and other relevant expert panels attempt to apply medical rationalization to situations where medical intervention may not be in the best interest of an individual. Often, this involves broadening of
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The ecological footprint is a way of measuring human impact on the environment. It calculates the biologically productive land and sea area required to support (provide resources and absorb waste) a given population. The ecological footprint is expressed in “global hectares” (GHA) and can be measured at individual, national, or global levels. The concept of
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A Renaissance Man is a man who is skilled at all tasks he attempts and has knowledge in many fields. Renaissance Man characteristics include being highly educated, a gentleman, cultured in the arts and charismatic.
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Humanism is a philosophy based on the centrality of humans and human flourishing. Without a god at the center of its worldview, it instead considers reason to be the chief formulator of ethical values and decision making. Humanism has its roots in ancient Greece and was shaped by various movements (the Renaissance, the Age of
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Working memory refers to the parts of human memory dedicated to processing and utilizing temporary (or ‘short-term’) information. Working memory has very limited capacity and information is only held temporarily. The term “working memory” was first presented by Miller et al. (1960). In the past, many researchers used the term “short-term store” or “short-term memory.”
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Chunking is a memorization technique. It refers to grouping similar bits of information together to make them easier to remember. A simple everyday example of chunking is the digits on a credit card: they are grouped into sets of four (or a single ‘chunk’) to make them easier to memorize. Instead of remembering 16 individual
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Institutional racism is a form of racism that occurs when institutions (such as governments, schools, workplaces, etc.) discriminate through their policies and practices. Unlike racial slurs or hate crimes, institutional racism is not overt. Instead, it is usually quite “invisible” and perhaps even “unintentional”, which is why it is more difficult to address. It is
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Normative ethics is focused on exploring what actions are morally correct or incorrect and how one ought to conduct themselves in various situations. It seeks definitive answers to questions like “What makes an action good?” and “How should I strive to act?”. Three major normative ethics theories are: Each of these theories is based on
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