An implicit bias is an automatic and unconscious attitude that affects a person’s judgment, decision, or behavior. Because the bias operates on an unconscious level, it can have effects in which people are completely unaware. Greenwald and Banaji (1995) are often credited with offering a formal definition of implicit bias: “… introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately […]
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Belief bias refers to the tendency to assess information in a way that aligns with our existing views. So, for example, when we come across a piece of political information that suits our ideology, we are more likely to believe that it is true. Likewise, we are prone to reject information that contradicts our beliefs.
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Mental filtering is a type of negative thinking pattern where a person focuses only on the negative aspects of a situation while ignoring the positive. It is also known as cognitive filtering, negativity bias, or selective abstraction. For example, let’s say a student receives a positive report card with good grades in most subjects, but
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Carl Jung’s concept of the collective unconscious refers to the idea that each human shares a common set of mental concepts. These mental concepts appear to exist in the collective psyche of the entire human race. The idea underpinning this concept is that our deepest unconscious mind has been shaped by centuries of shared human
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Semantics is the branch of linguistics that deals with studying meaning in language. It examines the meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and language. Semantics concerns how meaning is constructed and conveyed through signs, words, phrases, or sentences. It acknowledges that word choice matters, and so too does context. If I were to say “Oh lord,
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Perception refers to the process of interpreting sensory information in order to comprehend the environment. So, when we come across a red fruit, for instance, sensory data, including the light waves reflected by the fruit, are perceived by our eyes and then sent to the brain. The brain then uses the perception process to organize
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Core values are the values that we hold most dear and use as our guiding principles. They shape our interactions with others as well as internal monologues. Core values represent the fundamental beliefs and aspects of identity that we hold close to our hearts. They underpin each person’s idea of a meaningful, moral, and worthwhile
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Transitive interference, also known as transitivity, refers to the process of inferring the relationship between two items based on their relationships with a third item. For example, imagine you meet three people: Alice, Bob, and Carrie. Alice tells you she is friends with Bob, and Bob tells you he is friends with Carrie. Through transitive
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Dispositional factors are internal factors that influence our actions. These include personality traits, biological makeup, expertise, etc. They tend to be relatively stable throughout your life and influence your actions and reactions in situations. Dispositional factors are contrasted with situational factors, which are outside/environmental factors that influence behavior. Situational factors are factors outside of ourselves
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Open-mindedness is a characteristic of a mature and curious person who tries to understand things beyond his belief systems. It is the exact opposite of someone who does not entertain any idea than his own. Being open-minded allows you to explore new frontiers, discover new perspectives, and understand other people’s cultures and beliefs. Of course,
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