Linguistic intelligence (LI) is one of eight types of intelligence in multiple intelligences theory. It refers to the ability to use words. This type of intelligence involves expressing points of view or explaining different concepts to others, either verbally or through written text. In his own words, Gardner states that: “linguistic intelligence is the sensitivity […]
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Validity refers to whether or not a test or an experiment is actually doing what it is intended to do. Validity sits upon a spectrum. For example: There are many ways to determine validity. Most of them are defined below. Types of Validity 1. Face Validity Face validity refers to whether a scale “appears” to
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Content validity is a term used to describe whether a study fully examines the construct it is designed to measure. It is important that a test is thorough and covers the entire domain of the construct. For example, if a researcher wants to study emotional intelligence, and there are five dimensions of emotional intelligence, then
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Physical development begins before a baby is born and contributes throughout the life. Examples of physical development include development of hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills, and Scientists generally describe this development as consisting of both fine and gross motor skills: The physical development of all babies progresses through the same sequence of stages, with some
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Musical intelligence refers to a person’s ability to play musical instruments, appreciate music, and compose original musical pieces. They are able to pick-up rhythms and patterns found in various musical genres and can recall songs and melodies with ease. Musical intelligence is one of Howard Gardner’s (1983) 8 types of multiple intelligences. According to Gardner,
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Ethical behaviors are behaviors that are consistent with a moral foundation. A society, culture, family, or religion, may set out moral foundations for us to follow. Generally, ethical behaviors necessitate introspection and setting a standard for ourselves. Such standards might include following rules like “do unto others as we would have done to us”, engaging
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Self-assessment is when we analyze our own behavior. It is a way for us to understand how we are doing at something. People who self-assess will examine their current level of performance on a given dimension in order to see how they can improve. We can compare our performance to a known standard or our
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A representative sample is a group of participants in a study who are, overall, similar to the broader population under study. Getting a good representative sample is important for ensuring study validity. The characteristics of the sample should match the characteristics of the larger population that the researchers want to investigate. For example, researchers who
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Extraneous variables (EVs) are factors related to the phenomenon under study, but not specifically included in the research. It is a third major type of variable in a study: Extraneous variables may inadvertently affect the dependent variable. We don’t want this as it interferes with the internal validity of the study! For this reason, researchers
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A predictor variable is used to predict the occurrence and/or level of another variable, called the outcome variable. A researcher will measure both variables in a scientific study and then use statistical software to determine if the predictor variable is associated with the outcome variable. If there is a strong correlation, we say the predictor
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