The authoritative parenting style is responsive to the emotional needs of children, but also expert rules to be followed. This approach involves explaining the rationale behind rules and allows children to express their views. Parents are fair and consistent in the application of discipline while at the same time provide a warm and nurturing atmosphere. […]
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The authoritarian parenting style is characterized by strict enforcement of rules, punitive discipline, and a “tough love” approach. Children are given few (if any opportunities) to express their opinions regarding rules and the parent offers few explanations. This parenting style was first identified by Baumrind (1967) in his four parenting styles taxonomy. Many decades of
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Parenting style refers to the type of discipline that a parent implements to raise their child. The four types of parenting styles are: Each parenting style has different ways in which they enforce rules but also has different emotional dynamics within the parent/child relationship. What are the Four Parenting Styles? The four parenting styles were
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Inter-rater reliability is a way of assessing the level of agreement between two or more judges (aka raters). Observation research often involves two or more trained observers making judgments about specific observed behaviors, and researchers would like to know if they agree with each other or not. The greater the level of agreement, the higher
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Convergent validity involves assessing the degree of relatedness between two scales that measure similar constructs. The term “convergent validity” was first used by Campbell and Fiske (1959). They defined it as followz: “a variable [should] correlate higher with an independent effort to measure the same trait than with measures designed to get at different traits…”
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Internal validity of an experiment refers to the extent to which the changes in the dependent variable are due to the independent variable. There can be many scenarios in which the hypothesis of an experiment is supported by the results, but those results were not actually caused by the manipulated independent variable (we sometimes call
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Concurrent validity is a type of validity measure in social sciences research. It offers a way of establishing a test’s validity by comparing it to another similar test that is known to be valid. If the two tests correlate, then the new study is believed to also be valid. The term “concurrent” means ‘simultaneous’. Both
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Criterion validity is a type of validity that examines whether scores on one test are predictive of performance on another. For example, if employees take an IQ text, the boss would like to know if this test predicts actual job performance. To make that determination, a correlation is calculated between the IQ scores and a
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Face validity refers to whether a measurement appears to assess the thing it is supposed to assess. The key term here is “appears.” The question it poses is: “Does the test look like it measures what it has been designed to measure?” This type of validity evaluation is subjective and usually conducted by people that
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While most people recommend applying to 4-6 graduate programs, I completely disagree. In my opinion, the magic number is 9. Grad schools are competitive, and if you don’t get accepted to any, by the time you find out, you will probably have missed the application deadline for most programs. That means you have to sit-out
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