Secondary research is the analysis, summary or synthesis of already existing published research. Instead of collecting original data, as in primary research, secondary research involves data or the results of data analyses already collected. It is generally published in books, handbooks, textbooks, articles, encyclopedias, websites, magazines, literature reviews and meta-analyses. These are usually referred to […]
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Prompting is an instructional strategy to guide a learner’s behavior. It can help a student learn a new skill or engage in a desired goal behavior. Prompting examples include the teacher making a verbal comment, displaying a gesture, modeling, or using a visual prompt such as pointing to a photograph or video. Sometimes a child
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Peer feedback refers to an activity where colleagues or students receive comments and suggestions from their peers or classmates. It is believed to be beneficial for helping both the giver and receiver of feedback to garner new insights, widen their thinking, correct errors, learn through teaching, and see how others approach tasks in different ways.
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Analytical thinking refers to the process of breaking down complex information into components and understanding how they are interconnected. The process is systematic, methodical, and leads to the identification of cause-and-effect relationships among the various factors. Analytical thinking also consists of several other cognitive processes and skills. For instance, Spaska et al. (2021) identify the
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Systematic desensitization is a behavior therapy technique designed to treat anxiety-related disorders through sensory adaptation. The technique helps an individual replace an anxiety response to specific stimuli with a relaxation response. The technique emerges from both classical and operant conditioning schools of behavioral psychology, which holds that exposure to stimuli can alter our beliefs and
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Tacit knowledge refers to things we know as a result of our personal experience. It is developed over time based on directly experiencing situations and crystalizing what is learned into a broader understanding. It is the knowledge experts have learned over time without actually being taught or even thinking too hard about it. Examples of
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A target behavior is the specific actions of an individual that are selected for modification in behavioral psychology. Examples of target behaviors include: misbehavior in a classroom, talking over others, unprovoked yelling, and oppositional defiance. The individual whose behavior is being addressed is often either a student who may have a behavioral issue or an
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The recency effect refers to the psychological phenomenon where people tend to remember the last thing in a sequence more than things that come before it. It is a feature of the serial position effect, which demonstrates that both the last thing (recency effect) and first thing (primacy effect) are the most memorable items in
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The primacy effect refers to the cognitive bias whereby people remember the first thing in a sequence more than things that come after it. It is a feature of the broader theory of the serial position effect, which demonstrates that the first thing (primacy effect) and last thing (recency effect) are the most memorable items
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In psychology, a primary reinforcer is anything that humans innately desire. As a result, humans are motivated to do tasks that will lead to the acquisition of a primary reinforcer. A primary reinforcer is usually a basic need related to the satisfaction of a biologically driven desire. For example, water, food, sleep, and shelter are
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