Multimodality refers to the use of several modes in transmitting meaning in a communique. Modes can be linguistic, visual, aural, gestural, or spatial (Kress, 2003). For instance, in a course on composition, an instructor may ask students to utilize multimodal forms of expression. So, in addition to a text-based written composition, modes of expression could […]
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Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is a behavior management strategy that involves the delivery of a behavioral reinforcer, independent and regardless of the performance of a specific behavior. It is contrasted to contingent reinforcement, where a reinforcer is contingent upon someone first performing the desired behavior. A noncontingent reinforcer is often used in educational settings, but can
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A reinforcement schedule refers to the delivery of a reward (reinforcer) to strengthen a behavior (i.e., make it occur more frequently). There are four types of reinforcement schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval. Each schedule rewards behavior after a set number of responses (ratio schedules) or after a certain interval of
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A replacement behavior is a term often used in applied behavior analysis that refers to socially acceptable behavior that can replace an unwanted problem behavior (known as the target behavior). The unwanted behavior is usually disruptive to home life or classroom instruction, or possibly harmful to the student or child. The replacement behavior serves as
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Observable behaviors are actions that can be seen with the naked eye. They are sometimes referred to as overt behaviors. The distinction between observable and unobservable behavior is important in the theoretical orientation of behaviorism. Whereas operant conditioning theorists only considered observable and measurable behaviors to be worthy of study, other theorists held that our
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Cognitive Development Examples Theories of Cognitive Development 1. Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s theory is the most influential theory of cognitive development. This theory was a foundational theory in promoting research into cognitive milestones of children. Piaget’s theory is a stage-based theory that proposes the children develop in a series of linear and pre-set stages in their
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A confirmation bias is when we look for information that supports our preexisting opinion. We start with a view of a particular issue and then search for information that upholds that view. Although it is a bias, it is not usually intentional, meaning it’s a type of implicit bias. It is a natural tendency of
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Continuous reinforcement is a behavior reinforcement schedule where the target behavior is rewarded every time it occurs. It is juxtaposed to partial reinforcement where the reward or punishment occurs intermittently. Continual positive reinforcement of a behavior makes the behavior more likely to occur again while continual negative reinforcement disincentivizes its recurrence. This concept is part
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Partial reinforcement is a schedule in which the desired target behavior is rewarded only some of the time. A partial or “intermittent” schedule tends to be more resistant to extinction than a continuous reinforcement schedule. For example, if a child expects a gift every time they get an A on their homework, they may lose
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Emotion-focused coping refers to strategies to manage stress that involve emotional regulation. The goal of emotion-focused coping is to reduce or eliminate the negative feelings brought about by a psychosocial stressor. For example, an emotion-focused approach might involve journaling, reframing, meditating, and exercising in order to regulate our emotions. That’s in juxtaposition to a problem-focused
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