Symbolic play is when children use one object (or action or sound), to represent something else. It is an integral part of a child’s development which is universal and intrinsically derived.Other types of play may involve symbolic play, such as role-plays and pretend play. The most notable theorists on symbolic play are Piaget (1945) and […]
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Experimental psychology refers to studying psychological phenomena using scientific methods. Originally, the primary scientific method involved manipulating one variable and observing systematic changes in another variable. Today, psychologists utilize several types of scientific methodologies. Experimental psychology examines a wide range of psychological phenomena, including: memory, sensation and perception, cognitive processes, motivation, emotion, developmental processes, in
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A double-barreled question is a single question that contains two questions within it. As a result, “respondents must answer two questions with one answer” Bradburn et al. (2004, p. 142). The challenge of a double-barreled question is that it can be difficult to answer and may even be designed to cause someone confusion or cause
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Selective attention refers to the ability to intentionally focus awareness on specific aspects of a situation or information. This allows a person to ignore irrelevant or distracting elements so only certain information is processed. There is an incredible amount of “data” in our environment. It includes visual and auditory stimuli, internal thoughts and memories, as
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Change blindness is what happens when a person fails to recognize the change in an object or scene when that change coincides with a brief visual disruption (Simons & Levin, 1997). Change blindness occurs when we don’t perceive the motion that happens when a stimulus moves from one location to another in a visual scene
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Examples of cognitive bias include optimism bias (overpredicting the likelihood of the best outcome) and egocentric bias (being biased towards outcomes that benefit ourselves). The fact is, most of us overestimate our thinking skills. We think we are objective in our analysis and a good judge of the accuracy and credibility of information. Unfortunately, that
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The mere exposure effect refers to situations where people develop a preference for something simply because it is familiar. It is sometimes referred to as the familiarity principle. The more frequently a person is exposed to something, the more likely it is that they will begin to prefer it. This is based on a cognitive
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Statistical bias refers to an error that has caused the sample to not represent the population. This error means the sample data is different from the target population under study. There are numerous types of statistical bias. When relying on a sample to make estimates regarding the population, there are numerous issues that can cause
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Examples of universal design for learning include the use of flexible workspaces, accessible digital texts, and student choice throughout learning experiences. Universal Design for Learning Examples Case Studies Criticisms of Universal Design for Learning While universal design for learning offers a great vision for accessible education, it’s often critiqued as being too unrealistic. After all,
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A false dichotomy is a logical fallacy that presents only two options or sides when in reality there are more possibilities. Although the two extremes appear to be mutually exclusive, a more careful analysis reveals that there are also a range of other options that could be considered. The term false dichotomy can apply to
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