Object permanence is the term for when a baby understands that an object still exists even though they can no longer see it. The concept was first identified by Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1954) as part of his theory on stages of cognitive development. When a child understands that an object still exists, even though […]
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Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information disrupts learning new information. For example, you might struggle to remember your new phone number because your mind automatically goes back to your old phone number every time. This can happen during either the acquisition or retrieval stage. Information already in memory can both: In both cases, we’ll
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The simplest example of retroactive inference is when you forget your old phone number shortly after you have memorized your new one. Retroactive interference is when new information being encoded into memory disrupts our ability to recall already stored information. This can happen when there is a great deal of similarity between the two sets
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Verbal irony is a figure of speech where the literal words being used opposes the real meaning behind them. In simple terms, verbal irony contradicts what is being said by the character or person speaking. As a literary technique it, helps to add intrigue, drama and humour to storylines and characters, making the plot all
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The ambivalent-insecure attachment style is characterized by a preoccupation with significant others. They are in a pervasive state of anxiety about the availability of others and the likelihood of forming a deep emotional bond. This is most likely due to their primary caregiver’s unpredictability. When the child needs comforting, these caregivers will sometimes respond accordingly
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Bowlby’s 4 Stages of Attachment 1. Pre-attachment (newborn to 6 weeks) The first stage of attachment is from birth to 6 weeks. There is no attachment to any specific individual at this time. The infant does not show any preferences for adults and will not fuss when being picked up by strangers. During those first
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A secure attachment style occurs when a person is able to form a positive, emotionally stable relationship with others. When someone has a secure attachment style, they will feel confident expressing their feelings with significant others and can develop a long-lasting and meaningful connection. This is a core attachment style from Bowlby’s attachment theory. Attachment
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Dramatic irony is a literary device where the audience is aware of information or events taking place in a TV show (or movie or book) while the characters themselves are oblivious. Dramatic irony is often comedic, and results in characters mocking each other without realizing that they are in fact mocking themselves in the exact
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The framing effect is a cognitive bias where the way information is presented to us impacts our perception of it and its contents. This cognitive bias, and its adjacent prospect theory, were both developed by Israeli psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. Whether or not we are aware of it, our overall impression of an
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The false consensus effect describes a cognitive bias where we tend to assume that other people share our own views and beliefs. The false consensus effect was first identified by the psychologist Lee Ross, in his seminal paper, “The False Consensus Effect: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution process”, in 1977. The false
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