Examples of fundamentalism include Amish groups, some Islamist sub-groups, and Christian fundamentalism. There are also political fundamentalists such as Christian nationalists in the USA and neoliberal market fundamentalists. The term has both positive and negative connotations in different contexts. In fact, many groups openly and proudly claim the moniker. The following information presents a non-judgemental […]
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Existentialism is a controversial philosophical tradition that begins with the premise that there is no pre-defined meaning of life. This opens up a range of questions about how to live a good life, freewill, and how to make choices. Examples of existentialism include believing in individual choice, believing you can choose your own meaning of
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Direct democracy or pure democracy refers to direct participation of citizens in governmental decision-making. It stands in contrast to representative or indirect democracy, where the citizens participate only indirectly. Direct democracy examples include referenda, popular assembly, popular recall, and any other initiative in which citizens vote directly on issues instead of representatives. The most commonly
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The core idea of utilitarianism is that we ought to act in a way that maximizes happiness for the greatest number. So, the morally right action is, according to utilitarians, the action that produces the most good. Examples of utilitarianism include effective altruism, bulldozing someone’s home for a highway, and redistribution of excess money from
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The categorical imperative is a central concept of Kantian deontological moral philosophy. It was introduced by Immanuel Kant in his 1785 work Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. The categorical imperative is a way of evaluating motives for action. In the original formulation, Kant invites us to: “Act only according to that maxim whereby you
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Reverse psychology refers to a persuasion technique in which one person tries to get someone to do something by suggesting that they do the opposite. It can take various forms, such as: In the psychology literature, it is often called “strategic self anti-conformity” (SSA), which is defined as a requestor’s advocacy of a position that
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Doublespeak is deliberately distorting language. The term “doublespeak” derives from two concepts in George Orwell’s famous novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (Orwell, 1949/2021). Examples of doublespeak include use of euphemisms, jargon, vagueness, intentional omission, misdirection, and idioms in order to obscure the truth and engage in Machiavellian behavior. The terms “doublethink” and “Newspeak” frequently occur in the
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Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy that arose in the Age of Enlightenment. The English philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism. Liberals, as the name would suggest, believe in liberty. They have usually maintained that humans are naturally in a state of perfect freedom (Locke, 1960/1689, p. 287). According to J.
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Deviance is a sociological concept referring to behaviors that break social norms and laws. Examples of deviance include theft, vandalism, lying, breaking social taboos, and disobeying the law. Studying deviance allows us to understand the boundaries differentiating acceptable, criminal, and deviant behaviors. Understanding deviance is also important for the study of other relevant sociological concepts,
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10 Higher Order Conditioning Examples 1. PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may occur when an individual has experienced an extremely scary or dangerous event. That event initially triggers an automatic and very intense nervous system reaction called the fight-or-flight response. Most people recover from that initial event. However, sometimes sights and sounds that are similar
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