Musical intelligence refers to a person’s ability to play musical instruments, appreciate music, and compose original musical pieces. They are able to pick-up rhythms and patterns found in various musical genres and can recall songs and melodies with ease. Musical intelligence is one of Howard Gardner’s (1983) 8 types of multiple intelligences. According to Gardner, […]
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The 5 general categories of class are lower, working, middle, upper middle, and upper class. The upper middle class is made up of the highest-income earning members of the middle class. The upper middle class are able to get high paying jobs because they have the highest level of education, and they tend to have
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Ethical behaviors are behaviors that are consistent with a moral foundation. A society, culture, family, or religion, may set out moral foundations for us to follow. Generally, ethical behaviors necessitate introspection and setting a standard for ourselves. Such standards might include following rules like “do unto others as we would have done to us”, engaging
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Self-assessment is when we analyze our own behavior. It is a way for us to understand how we are doing at something. People who self-assess will examine their current level of performance on a given dimension in order to see how they can improve. We can compare our performance to a known standard or our
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A representative sample is a group of participants in a study who are, overall, similar to the broader population under study. Getting a good representative sample is important for ensuring study validity. The characteristics of the sample should match the characteristics of the larger population that the researchers want to investigate. For example, researchers who
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Extraneous variables (EVs) are factors related to the phenomenon under study, but not specifically included in the research. It is a third major type of variable in a study: Extraneous variables may inadvertently affect the dependent variable. We don’t want this as it interferes with the internal validity of the study! For this reason, researchers
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Public health refers to the practice of promoting healthy lifestyles to the public in order to prevent disease, prolong life, and decrease pressure on healthcare systems. The most famous scholarly definition is from Winslow: “The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society,
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A predictor variable is used to predict the occurrence and/or level of another variable, called the outcome variable. A researcher will measure both variables in a scientific study and then use statistical software to determine if the predictor variable is associated with the outcome variable. If there is a strong correlation, we say the predictor
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Predictive validity is a type of validity that refers to how well a person’s score on one variable predicts their score on a second variable. The two variables we look at with predictive validity are: In the simplest terms, a correlation is calculated that assesses the degree of the relationship between the predictor and criterion
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The arousal theory of motivation argues that people are highly motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal at all times. Individuals have differing preferences for their optimal level of arousal based on their general disposition, risk tolerance, the situation they find themselves in, and so on. Nevertheless, the theory holds that we are always
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