The term dominant culture refers to the group of cultural values and practices that are predominant in a given society. They are often so influential that they almost appear ‘natural’ to most people. While traditional societies were relatively homogenous in their customs, modern societies are made up of a vast mix of groups and cultures […]
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Mores and folkways are both informal social norms. The main difference between them is that mores are considered moral norms, while folkways are considered social etiquette. William Graham Sumner, a sociologist from the United States, introduced the terms “mores” (Macionis & Gerber, 2010, p. 65) and “folkways” (Sumner, 1979) to modern sociology. Definition of Mores
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In sociology and economic theory, negative sanctions are a means of enforcing social norms and values by punishing deviation from the norm or established rules (Little, 2016). Sanctions can be divided into two types: positive and negative. Positive sanctions provide rewards to encourage desired behaviors, while negative sanctions are the punishment to discourage undesirable behavior.
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A social contract is an agreement among individuals within a social group to abide by certain rules and laws. In its modern form, the idea was reintroduced by Thomas Hobbes and further developed by John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant. After Kant, the concept fell out of popularity among philosophers until it was brought
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Procedural memory refers to memory for how to do things. It is often juxtaposed to declarative memory which is another type of long-term memory that refers to the memory of facts. Examples of procedural memory include remembering how to cook your favorite recipe or knowing the steps for how to turn on a tractor. It
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Semantic memory refers to the long-term storage of facts and is a form of declarative memory. Examples of semantic memory include remembering definitions of concepts, historical dates, and the names of people, places, and things. Theoretically, semantic memory has unlimited capacity. However, memory does decay over time and is also subject to various kinds of
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Episodic memory refers to the long-term storage of information regarding experiences. Examples of episodic memories include information about past events and activities, such as what happened, how we felt, or who said what to whom. Episodic memory is part of declarative memory (aka explicit memory), which also consists of semantic memory (memory for facts). Episodic
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Declarative memory is the term used for the long-term storage of facts and events. It is one type of long-term memory, the other being procedural memory. Retrieving information from declarative memory requires conscious intention and mental effort. Examples of declarative memory include memorizing classification systems, people’s birthdays, or phone numbers. Types of Declarative Memory Declarative
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Implicit costs are economic costs incurred by a business that do not directly involve monetary expenditures. Instead, they represent an opportunity cost associated with a decision or action. Forgone interest revenue from investments, depreciation of properties and equipment, as well as utilizing an owner’s time instead of hiring extra employees are all common examples of
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Marginal costs are a critical economic concept describing the cost of producing one extra unit of a good or service. This concept is essential for businesses, as it helps to determine the optimal output level for maximum profitability. In economic and business analysis, producing an extra unit of a product or service comes with additional
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