Social media is a term used to describe a wide range of online platforms and activities where people can communicate and share information, ideas, photos, and videos. Social media examples include popular sites such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter but also encompass other forms of online communication such as blogging and forums. It plays […]
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Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal vote in selecting its own leaders. It is often called “rule by the people for the people.” It allows people to participate equally—directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. For centuries, this system of governance has
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Executive function (EF) refers to mental processes that are involved in the coordination of other cognitive skills. These skills include: attentional control, working memory, emotional regulation, and self-regulation. EF allows us to ignore distractions and concentrate, plan for the future, juggle multiple tasks simultaneously, follow directions and control emotions. Lack of executive functioning plays a
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Non-associative learning is when an individual’s response to a stimulus changes in the absence of new stimuli (or changes in circumstances) that might explain the change in response. We categorize non-associative learning into two categories: habituation and sensitization. Habituation refers to situations where a stimulus no longer causes a strong response; sensitization occurs when the
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Implicit learning is learning that occurs without awareness that it is happening. It simply means that a person can acquire knowledge without the explicit intent or realization of doing so. One of the most common examples of implicit learning is learning through play in childhood. Children’s play is natural and fun, but through the simple
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Systematic observation is a highly structured method of observational research that occurs through the structured observation and coding of a research phenomenon. In this method, one or more trained observers record the target behavior(s) using a predefined coding system to minimize bias. The behavior can be observed in real time, or recorded and coded at
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Role strain and role conflict are related concepts representing difficulties faced by individuals in fulfilling social roles. Both concepts are part of role theory, a concept in sociology that sees everyday activities as enactments of socially defined roles (manager, husband, friend, etc.). Metaphorically, life is visualized as a theatre, where all of us are playing
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A dichotomy occurs when we construct two mutually exclusive categories that are opposites, lacking in overlap, and do not fit along a sliding scale. It divides a certain variable into two distinct, binary opposite parts. For example, “male” and “female” are two opposing parts of the variable “sex”. Our worldview is significantly shaped through the
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Cooperative federalism is a concept of governance in which both federal and state governments share power over public policy issues. This system, also known as marble-cake federalism, recognizes the authority of both levels of government while allowing them to cooperate in matters that may involve overlapping jurisdictions. The most common examples of cooperative federalism are
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Dual federalism, also known as layer-cake federalism, is a system of government in which power is divided between the national and state governments. This concept of federalism posits that the national and state governments are distinct entities, each bearing its own unique range of responsibilities and authority. Dual federalism states that the national and state
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