Tautology is a special or unintentional use of the same root words in a phrase or sentence or an unreasonable repetition of the same word in a statement. Tautology, in its most basic definition, is a useless repetition. It’s when a phrase or statement says the same thing twice using different words. It can be […]
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Separation of powers is a legal doctrine which implies the distribution of state power between independent branches such as legislative, executive, and judicial to ensure limited government in a democratic system. The separation of powers is a fundamental principle of the organization and operation of the state apparatus in modern democratic states. It allows for
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Oligarchy means ‘rule of the few.’ It is a political system where a small group of elites amasses the power and wealth in a society. It has the effect of disempowering the masses and entrenching privilege for some and disadvantage for others. The term originates from ancient Greek (ὀλιγαρχίᾱ – oligarkhía). Aristotle used the term
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An oligopoly is an economic situation in which a relatively small number of large companies dominate the market. Together they have such a market share that if they are combined, they could control the entire market. Oligopolies often form when a few firms dominate a particular industry, such as in the oil, telecommunications, and airline
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Metacommentary is a type of metacommunication that provides insightful feedback on the language, syntax, and other components in an existing text. Essentially, it is self-analyzing – taking a closer look at a text’s own composition to get to the heart of meaning. Metacommentary is a type of self-reflection in which the author or speaker examines
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Cause and effect refers to the causal relationship between two events or things. In this relationship, the second event (or thing) is the result of the first. In psychology, cause and effect can be seen in behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. For example, we often see it in applied behavior therapy, where psychologists measure how their
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Code-switching refers to the act of using multiple languages or language varieties in a single situation. It is regularly used by minority groups when switching between interactions within their subculture and interactions with the dominant culture. A common example of code-switching is when people change how they speak around their friends and around the police. When
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An achievement test refers to any procedure used to measure the accumulated knowledge or skills of a student in a specific area of study (Cizek, 2004). There are many different types of achievement tests. Standardized achievement tests are the most commonly recognized achievement tests. They are designed to measure academic knowledge in major subject areas
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Social categorization refers to the process of placing people into groups based on common factors – often in terms of ascribed statuses or social identity factors. Social categorization often occurs at first sight or initial contact with another person and relies on heuristics and often flawed cognitive biases. Drawing inferences from existing knowledge, our brain
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Examples of Social Psychology 1. The Stanford Prison Experiment Conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1971, the Stanford Prison Experiment was a shocking reveal of how humans can be cruel to other humans when placed in positions of power. The study examined how the research participants (who were university students) adapted to roles of power and
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