Independent practice occurs when the teacher has demonstrated a task or process and then gives students the opportunity to practice on their own. In the stage of independent practice, the teacher can monitor student progress and may offer some suggestions and guidance as the student attempts to replicate the modeled behavior or task. Although the […]
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Dishabituation is the heightening or reemergence of a response to a previously habituated stimulus. For example, imagine you habituate to the sound of a ticking clock and no longer notice it. If a sudden loud noise interrupts their habituation, such as a car honking outside, then suddenly you may become more sensitized to the ticking
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Logical consequences are consequences for actions that are reasonable, respectful, and related to the action. An example of a logical consequence is the “if you break it you buy it” principle. It is logical that breaking something in a shop means that you sould have to pay for it. Logical Consequences Definition Rudolf Dreikurs developed
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Natural consequences are the logical outcomes or results of a person’s actions and do not require human intervention to occur. A natural consequence example is when you fail to follow safety rules and subsequently get injured as a result. We might colloquially call this “getting your comeuppance” or “just deserts”. When raising children, we often
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A parasocial relationship is a unidirectional, imaginary relationship between a media user and a media personality. Fans imagine they have a close connection to the personality even though the personality has never met them. This connection is often fostered through exposure to their persona, image, and life events via media, such as television, social media,
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Intragenerational mobility refers to changes in the socioeconomic position and social status of an individual during their own lifetime. This can mean moving to a higher income bracket or acquiring a more esteemed status. For example, a person starts their career at an entry-level position (say a junior copywriter) and later becomes a manager (creative
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In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned behavior. In other words, the response has ‘gone extinct’ like the dinosaurs! Extinction tends to occur when a behavior that was learned is no longer reinforced or rewarded. However, can also occur if a person becomes desensitized to rewards. Another common
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Social loafing is when a person exerts less effort on a task because others are also involved in that task. There is an inverse relationship between an individual’s effort and the number of people involved. This is regularly observed in groupwork both in the workplace and education. When team members recognize that they can ‘slide
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Intergenerational mobility measures the degree to which children can achieve a different socioeconomic status than their parents. If children from low-income families have a good chance of earning more than their parents, then there is high intergenerational mobility. On the other hand, if children’s socioeconomic status is quite similar to that of their parents, then
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Generalized reciprocity is when a person provides goods or services to another person without the expectation of an immediate return. Although there may be an expectation of reciprocation, not always, and if there is, no set timeframe is in place. In some situations, the gesture is considered an act of charity.There is no expectation of
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