Chris Drew (PhD)

Critical theory is a theory that examines, evaluates, and critiques binary power dynamics in society. It takes a Marxist perspective. The aims of the theory are to identify, challenge, and eventually change oppressive power structures in society. A core principle is that social hierarchies are not natural but created and maintained through oppression and domination.

Organic solidarity refers to a type of social solidarity that is based on mutual interdependence between the people within a society. For example, each of us is dependant upon the postman to bring the mail, the electrician to maintain the powerlines, and the train drive to run the trains on time. Similarly, others are dependant

Mechanical solidarity is a type of social cohesion whereby people feel solidarity due to their shared values, beliefs, and customs. It is contrasted to organic solidarity where people feel solidarity based on co-dependence. Societies require a certain balance – a solidarity or connection that makes it possible for people to co-exist with one another peacefully.

Collective behaviors refer to a range of psychological behaviors that occur when a large number of people act in a relatively unstructured & unpredictable way. In other words, these are the “spontaneous” behaviors of a group of people. They are quite different from the conventional behavior we see in classrooms, workplaces, or other everyday settings,

A ritual is a set of prescribed activities that has a religious/cultural significance to a cultural group, folk culture, or subculture. Rituals are a key component of religion, although their scope also extends to secular, everyday life. A ritual can involve actions, words, gestures, or objects, all of which are performed/used in a defined sequence.