The either-or fallacy occurs when someone is presented with only two options and must choose one. The two options appear to be mutually exclusive. However, additional logical analysis can reveal a third, or more options. It is sometimes referred to as a false dichotomy or a false dilemma. The fallacy is based on a […]
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The peg word system is a mnemonic technique used to help people hold information in working memory. It works by associating ideas or facts with a sequence of numbers or words that are easier to remember. This system relies on using concrete “pegs” (words) as anchors for abstract ones you want to remember. For example,
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Anecdotal evidence refers to when information regarding a phenomenon, activity, or event comes from direct experience or opinions of individuals. Anecdotal evidence is often shared organically through conversation, such as with old wives’ tales, and may become more credible when people attest to it. People can be easily influenced by anecdotal accounts and will often
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The term empirical evidence refers to the attainment of knowledge through observation, measurement, or experimentation (also known as empiricism). It is accumulated through systematic observations of phenomena in natural or laboratory setting. One of the key standards of empirical evidence in academic research is that the results can be tested and verified by others. This
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The social responsibility norm states that a person should help others when they are in need. This act of helping does not contain an expectation of reward or reciprocity. The act of helping is due to a sense of obligation that is often rooted in morality or religious orientation. People in positions of power or
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Secondary research is the analysis, summary or synthesis of already existing published research. Instead of collecting original data, as in primary research, secondary research involves data or the results of data analyses already collected. It is generally published in books, handbooks, textbooks, articles, encyclopedias, websites, magazines, literature reviews and meta-analyses. These are usually referred to
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Emergent norm theory explains how, in times of crisis, conventional norms are replaced by new norms that dictate collective behavior. For example, after a major natural disaster (say a hurricane), the usual norms of social behavior are no longer valid. Now, people will find new ways to act in the situation, which can include actions
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A megalopolis is a cluster of two or more adjacent metropolitan areas. A megapolis example is Brooklyn and New York City which have merged into one continuous, connected economic area. These urban areas are connected through common styles of transport, economy, resources, etc. Although the constituent metropolises retain their identities, they collaborate through coordinating policies
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Negative rights are rights that restrict others from interfering with your life, liberty, and property. They are a core principle of liberalism. These are known as “negative” rights because they require others to refrain from doing certain actions. For example, the right to privacy requires others to not invade your private space or access personal
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Hedonism is a philosophical school of thought suggesting that pleasure and enjoyment should be the highest goals in life. It is based on the belief that pleasure and happiness are the only intrinsic goods, meaning they are valuable regardless of any other factors. Hedonism holds that the pursuit of pleasure should make up the majority
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