Explicit memory is a type of long-term memory that deals with facts and experiences. It is juxtaposed to implicit memory, which happens without conscious effort. The names of famous people in history or science, or the dates they did something notable, are the kinds of information that we keep in explicit memory. This type of […]
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Reciprocal determinism is a model of human behavior. The model states that there are three factors that influence how people act: person factors, environment factors, and behavior factors. The term “reciprocal” means that each factor affects the others, and vice versa. So, factor A effects factor B, and in return, factor B also affects factor
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Self-esteem is a combination of the thoughts and feelings a person has about themselves. What they think about their personality and abilities, and whether those thoughts are positive or negative. Self-esteem is usually described as high or low, but there is a lot of room in between those two ends. A person that likes their
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George Engel first articulated the biopsychosocial model in 1977, proposing that understanding a person’s medical condition requires assessing not only their biology but also psychological and social influences. The biopsychosocial model encompasses three primary elements: physiological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects. For example, biological factors can include a person’s age, genetic makeup, health history, and gender.
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A personal fable is a term used in psychology to describe the belief that one’s thoughts and feelings are unique, special, and somehow more important than those of other people. It is often associated with adolescents as they begin to explore their identities in relation to others. Developed by David Elkind in 1967, the theory
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Group polarization refers to the tendency of social groups to adopt more extreme attitudes than the initial attitudes of their individual members. So, for example, when several sports fans come together to support a team, they can be much more aggressive—booing the sporting officials or antagonizing the other teams’ fans—than they would have been otherwise.
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Role exit is the process by which an individual leaves behind a role that has been a significant part of their life. Role exits can be of various kinds, such as occupational (career change), familial (divorce), ideological (leaving behind a cult), etc. They typically involve disengagement and disidentification. Disengagement is the process of withdrawing from
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Social issues refer to those conditions that have a negative effect on a social group or individuals within the group. Poverty, substance use disorders, discrimination based on gender or race, and unequal education opportunities – are just a few social issues examples we will explore in this article. For example, poverty affects millions of people
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Identity moratorium is a period of exploration and experimentation as individual searches for a sense of identity. During this time, they may adopt and discard different roles to discover which ones fit them best. This theory was first proposed by James Marcia, as a development of Erik Erikson’s identity theory. He believed that during adolescence,
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Identity diffusion is a state in which an individual has not yet fully developed a sense of identity or purpose. Identity diffusion usually happens in the early stages of adulthood, when people start to delve into various aspects of themselves and look for their role in society. This period is characterized by confusion and ambivalence,
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