Latent inhibition, first described by psychologists Richard Lubow and Robert Moore in 1973, refers to the fact that prior exposure to a stimulus decreases its effectiveness as a stimulant. Latent inhibition is a phenomenon that can impact how we learn and behave by affecting the processing of information. Repeated exposure causes habituation, making the brain […]
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A confirmation bias is when we look for information that supports our preexisting opinion. We start with a view of a particular issue and then search for information that upholds that view. Although it is a bias, it is not usually intentional, meaning it’s a type of implicit bias. It is a natural tendency of
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10 Belief Perseverance Examples 1. Political bias A person may search for information confirming their beliefs about certain political issues, overlooking evidence that challenges those views. So, if they already think that a certain political party is wrong, they may selectively seek out media reports and other information which reinforce this perspective. 2. Intergroup bias
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Transduction is the process of translating a psychological stimulus into an emotional response. In other words, it is the way our brains transform sensory input from physical stimuli into internal experiences like joy, fear, or happiness. For example, let’s say you see an approaching dog with bared teeth and a loud bark. Your brain takes
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Continuous reinforcement is a behavior reinforcement schedule where the target behavior is rewarded every time it occurs. It is juxtaposed to partial reinforcement where the reward or punishment occurs intermittently. Continual positive reinforcement of a behavior makes the behavior more likely to occur again while continual negative reinforcement disincentivizes its recurrence. This concept is part
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Partial reinforcement is a schedule in which the desired target behavior is rewarded only some of the time. A partial or “intermittent” schedule tends to be more resistant to extinction than a continuous reinforcement schedule. For example, if a child expects a gift every time they get an A on their homework, they may lose
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Emotion-focused coping refers to strategies to manage stress that involve emotional regulation. The goal of emotion-focused coping is to reduce or eliminate the negative feelings brought about by a psychosocial stressor. For example, an emotion-focused approach might involve journaling, reframing, meditating, and exercising in order to regulate our emotions. That’s in juxtaposition to a problem-focused
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Problem-focused coping refers to stress management strategies to deal with stress that involves directly confronting the source of stress to eliminate or decrease its impact. This can involve developing a more constructive way of interpreting life events, formulating an action plan to build stress management skills, or modifying personal habits. For example, a person who
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Terminal/intrinsic values are the ultimate ends or goals that we wish to achieve. For example, happiness is a goal that is universally desired. Terminal values are desirable in and of themselves. So, we don’t say we “want happiness for these 5 reasons”; instead, we simply say we “want to be happy” because it’s the goal.
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Interdependence refers to the connection between two or more individuals or entities where they depend on each other to attain a common objective. If two or more individuals or entities rely on each other, the outcome of one will affect the outcome of the other. For example, let’s take trade between two countries is often
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