Chris Drew (PhD)

This article was peer-reviewed and edited by Chris Drew (PhD). The review process on Helpful Professor involves having a PhD level expert fact check, edit, and contribute to articles. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. Dr. Drew has published over 20 academic articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education and holds a PhD in Education from ACU.

Intermittent Reinforcement: 10 Examples and Definition

Intermittent reinforcement is a schedule of rewards for certain behaviors or responses but without any predictable pattern. In other words, the reward comes periodically, not every time it’s performed.  Rather than bestowing a reward each time an individual exhibits certain behavior, intermittent reinforcement awards the same action at random intervals, which can sustain suspense and prevent […]

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10 Checks and Balances Examples

The concept of checks and balances is commonly used in liberal democractic societies to curtail the excesses of power. This principle is meant to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful. One branch of government is said to “check” the power of another branch. A balance of power is thereby achieved. This

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10 Free Rider Problem Examples

The free rider problem is a situation in which someone or some group enjoys the benefits of something without contributing to its production. In other words, it arises when people take advantage of public resources and services without paying for them – as no one can be excluded from these goods/services regardless if they have

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10 Echo Chamber Examples

An echo chamber is an ecosystem where individuals only encounter views that they agree with. It refers to a closed system in which individuals never hear anything that contradicts or speaks negatively of their beliefs. This leads to confirmation bias, a phenomenon where the beliefs of the participants get further reinforced, ultimately leading to a

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18 Sensation Examples (Psychology)

In psychology, sensation refers to the unique process of how people receive information through their senses, which include touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. Essentially, the sensation is the ability of human sensory organs to convert stimuli such as light, sound waves, and temperature into neural impulses that a brain can interpret, in a process

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