Chris Drew (PhD)

This article was peer-reviewed and edited by Chris Drew (PhD). The review process on Helpful Professor involves having a PhD level expert fact check, edit, and contribute to articles. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. Dr. Drew has published over 20 academic articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education and holds a PhD in Education from ACU.

Cultural Psychology: Definition and 10 Examples

Cultural psychology explores how cultural factors influence individuals’ cognitive abilities, attitudes toward others, and values. Cultural psychologists explore how social and cultural norms affect behaviors across genders, classes, or other categories. In studying these norms and values, scholars and professionals can gain the knowledge needed to build successful health, educational,, and other social interventions for […]

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15 Guilty Pleasure Examples

A guilty pleasure is any thought, activity, or behavior that is personally enjoyable while also evoking feelings of shame or embarrassment. These feelings of shame and embarrassment often stem from a feeling that the activity or thought is: Guilty pleasures can be anything from eating certain types of food to watching television shows or movies

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Functionalism in Psychology: Definition, Examples, Criticism

Functionalism is a theoretical framework in psychology that stresses the adaptive value and purpose of mental processes and behaviors. According to this perspective, human behavior evolved (or ‘adapted’) to help individuals adapt to their environment by performing essential functions necessary for survival. Functionalist psychologists believe that mental processes are instrumental in helping humans interpret and

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Aversive Conditioning: 10 Examples & Definition

Aversive conditioning refers to when an unpleasant stimulus follows a behavior. By associating something aversive with a specific behavior, that behavior will be less likely to occur again. Aversive conditioning is based on the principles of classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927) and operant conditioning (Thorndike, 1898; Skinner, 1965). Behaviors that are associated with an unpleasant stimulus

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10 Multimodality Examples

Multimodality refers to the use of several modes in transmitting meaning in a communique. Modes can be linguistic, visual, aural, gestural, or spatial (Kress, 2003). For instance, in a course on composition, an instructor may ask students to utilize multimodal forms of expression. So, in addition to a text-based written composition, modes of expression could

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Noncontingent Reinforcement: Examples, Pros and Cons

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is a behavior management strategy that involves the delivery of a behavioral reinforcer, independent and regardless of the performance of a specific behavior. It is contrasted to contingent reinforcement, where a reinforcer is contingent upon someone first performing the desired behavior. A noncontingent reinforcer is often used in educational settings, but can

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