Covert behaviors are actions that cannot be observed directly. A covert behavior can only be inferred by an observer or reported by the person under study. Psychologists can compare behaviors in two broad buckets: overt and covert. Covert behaviors are hidden actions and processes that occur inside the mind and cannot be directly observed by […]
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Counterconditioning is a therapeutic technique that replaces an undesired response or behavior with a more positive or desired response through principles of behavioral conditioning. It is primarily based on the principles of classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927). Counterconditioning is often used in systematic desensitization in the treatment of phobias and anxiety, in aversion therapy to reduce
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Contingent reinforcement is when a positive stimulus is provided following a specific desired behavior. For example, a contingent reinforcement for doing your chores is receiving pocket money. In some cases, it can also mean the removal of an aversive stimulus following a specific behavior (causing a sensation of relief). The intention is to make it
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Nudge theory posits that by shaping the environment, we can increase the likelihood of individuals choosing one option over another. Nudging aims to “gently push or touch” someone in a particular direction. This may be with the aim of helping the individual and society; but in marketing, it’s used to nudge consumers into making purchases.
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An intangible asset is an asset that does not have physical existence, and is not monetary, but is nonetheless of value to a person, business, or entity. For example, Coca-Cola’s logo is a kind of intangible asset known as a trademark. It allows customers to instantly identify the company’s products even from a distance. Other
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Social contract theory is a philosophical theory that believes societies can only achieve stability and civility based upon an implied or explicit social contract. A social contract is an agreement among individuals within a social group to abide by certain rules and laws for mutual safety and defence. In its modern form, the idea was
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Linguistic relativity, often referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, is a linguistics theory that language can shape our perceptions of reality and control our thoughts. As a result, people who speak different languages may have fundamentally different lenses through which they see reality. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language’s structure and content have the power
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Examples of Observational Learning 1. The Bobo Dolls Experiment Dr. Albert Bandura conducted one of the most influential studies in psychology in the 1960s at Stanford University. His intention was to demonstrate that cognitive processes play a fundamental role in learning. At the time, Behaviorism was the predominant theoretical perspective, which completely rejected all inferences
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Psychodynamic Theory Examples Below are some examples of psychodynamic theory as applied to specific behaviors or situations in everyday life. 1. Compulsive Hand-Washing as Unconscious Fear of the Unseen A psychodynamic approach to understanding compulsive hand-washing would be to look for early childhood trauma associated with uncleanliness or fear of the unseen. 2. Lack of
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Tactile learning is learning by touching and using the hands. Tactile learning involves touching, holding, poking, and squeezing learning materials. It gives students an opportunity to directly manipulate objects in a lesson which gives them a more dynamic, more enriched understanding. Some students prefer to learn through touch. They have a tactile learning style. It
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