The rule of law essentially states that nobody is above the law, which treats everybody equally and impartially. It means that laws are created and enforced in such a way that even the highest government official is not above the law. Moreover, the law treats everybody equally, irrespective of one’s class, race, or religion. The […]
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The placebo effect is when a person has a response to a fake intervention, such as when someone is given a sugar pill and they report that it helped with their headaches. This effect is often discussed in the context of medical research. Although the patient is given a substance which contains no active medical
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Plutocracy and oligarchy refer to power structures where a small group controls everything. Whereas a plutocracy is defined as a system where a small group of wealthy people hold power, an oligarchy is defined as a system where a small group holds power, regardless of how they’ve amassed it. In other words, we can conceptualize
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Neutral Stimulus Examples 1. Pavlov’s Bell Before Conditioning: No meaning (neutral)After Conditioning: Association with food. A bell ringing typically doesn’t cause any specific response. However, in the famous Pavlov dog experiment, the dog came to associate the bell with food. Before conditioning, the bell is a neutral stimulus. 2. Coffee Beans Before Conditioning: No meaning
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Introspection refers to observing one’s inner thoughts and feelings. The process of engaging in introspection is often associated with self-reflection and discovery. Schwitzgebel (2019), writes for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, that introspection is: “…a process that generates, or is aimed at generating, knowledge, judgments, or beliefs about mental events, states, or processes, and not
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Positive consequences are the rewarding results of a behavior deemed desirable. When an individual’s behavior is followed by a positive consequence, then the person is more likely to exhibit that behavior again. Of course, this is the opposite of negative consequences, in which the result of a specific behavior is unpleasant or aversive. Behavior that
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A cross-sectional study is a research methodology that involves collecting data on a sample of individuals at one specific point in time. The researcher(s) will collect data on various factors, all at the one time, and observe how those variables are related to other factors. In this type of study, researchers do not manipulate any
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A cross-sectional study is a research study that collects data at one specific point in time. It enables researchers to compare and study sub-cohorts within the cohort of people studied, but cannot identify changes in variables over time. The biggest advantage of a cross-sectional study is that it can develop descriptive statistics about sampling groups,
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Self-regulation is the ability to control one’s emotions and behavior. That can include being able to control our thoughts, impulses, and even instinctual drives like our appetite and sexual urges. When faced with a stressful situation, or one that could make us angry, some people are able to convert their initial reaction into a more
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Overt behaviors are actions which are visible and can be seen directly, such as physical movements and verbal statements. Psychologists can compare behaviors in two broad buckets: overt and covert. Covert behaviors are hidden actions and processes that occur inside the mind and cannot be directly observed by others. Overt behaviors are visible and measurable.
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