Retreatism refers to rejecting both societal goals and means, usually involving a form of withdrawal. Consider a hermit who lives a secluded life or somebody who has abandoned their professional career. These are people who are not concerned with the conventional pursuits of “success” and have in some way withdrawn from society. The concept originally […]
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The humanistic theory of personality posits that humans have an innate drive toward self-actualization, as long as they are surrounded by the right environment. It was developed by Carl Rogers, whose work (along with that of Abraham Maslow) helped establish the humanistic school of psychology. Unlike psychoanalysis or behaviorism, the humanistic school tries to take
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The trait theory of personality is an approach to studying human personality through traits, such as extraversion, agreeableness, honesty, etc. When somebody asks us about a certain person, then we usually describe them through traits: “She is a little shy” or “he is a perfectionist”. These traits are essentially habitual patterns of behavior, which make
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A false dichotomy is a logical fallacy that presents only two options or sides when in reality there are more possibilities. Although the two extremes appear to be mutually exclusive, a more careful analysis reveals that there are also a range of other options that could be considered. The term false dichotomy can apply to
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Pseudo-psychology refers to theories or practices that claim to be scientific and based on psychological principles, but lack empirical evidence or theoretical basis accepted by the mainstream psychology community. A pseudo-psychology paradigm often contains statements and beliefs, or advocates certain practices, while claiming to have a scientific basis. However, those statements do not have a
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Convergence refers to how data from different sensory modalities are combined to form a perception. Many perceptual processes actually require input from one or more senses. Different areas of the brain receive the data and then synthesize the information that eventually results in a perceptual phenomenon. This process is sometimes referred to as multisensory integration
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Context cues are aspects of the environment that facilitate accessing and retrieving information in memory. Social psychology research has demonstrated that recalling episodic or semantic information improves when there is a match between contextual cues at encoding and retrieval. That is, if the contextual cues when learning something are the same as when trying to
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Social Institutions are the structures that rules society. They are organizations or entities that reproduce the norms, expectations, and functions to meet the social needs of society. Examples of social institutions include family, government, religion, economy, and education. Social institutions are co-dependent and constantly interact with one another in everyday society. For example, some religious
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The autocratic leadership style is when all decisions are made by a single individual. That individual has complete authority over all aspects of the organization. The autocratic leader rarely seeks the opinion of those around them, has a high social dominance orientation, and will often insulate themselves with people they know will agree with their
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Cultural values are the key principles or morals that underpin a cultural group. They may be based on religion, tradition, philosophy, collective memory, and custom. Examples of cultural values include respect for elders, family values, individualism, and egalitarianism. Cultural values are passed on from one generation to another, which ensures continuity of traditions within a group
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