For as long as human beings have had the ability to communicate, people have been saying “I told you so.” The tendency to think that we can foresee events is pervasive. We like to think that we can predict what will happen, but when outcomes prove otherwise, we still cling to this false sense of […]
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Experimental design refers to a research methodology that allows researchers to test a hypothesis regarding the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable. There are three types of experimental design: pre-experimental design, quasi-experimental design, and true experimental design. Experimental Design in a Nutshell A typical and simple experiment will look like the following:
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External validity refers to the degree to which the conclusions of a study can be generalized to other situations and populations. If the results of one very specific study can apply to other contexts and groups of people, then that study has external validity. This is a core concern in psychological research because so many
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The Great Man Theory of leadership postulates that great leaders are born, not made. Some people are just born with the personality characteristics that predispose them to have great leadership skills. According to this theory, it is not possible to teach people how to become great leaders. Because they are born with a very specific
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Autocracy and democracy are two opposing forms of government: in the former, one individual/group rules, while in the latter, the people themselves are the rulers. Both autocracy and democracy go as far back as classical antiquity, and thinkers like Aristotle have written at length about them. Today, hundreds of nations—having diverse political systems & ideologies—claim
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Key Points: Members of a society usually have a common, shared culture and have social ties to the same territory. Meanwhile, a culture is not always confined within a single territory. In contrast with cultures, which consist of customs, traditions, norms, values, symbols, and artifacts, societies feature a population that is organized around political and
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Culture, as used in sociology, is the “way of life” of a particular group of people: their values, beliefs, norms, etc. Think of a typical day in your life. You wake up, get ready, and then leave for school or work. Once the day is over, you probably spend your time with family/friends or pursue
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Neuroeducation is an emerging interdisciplinary field of study that attempts to apply findings in brain research to education. It combines several disciplines, including neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and education. The primary goal of this new area of study is to enhance educational practices, improve student outcomes, and develop advanced understanding of how the brain effects learning.
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Negative punishment refers to removing a pleasant stimulus following an unwanted target behavior. The purpose of applying negative punishment is to decrease the chances of that target behavior occurring again. The term negative is used because it refers to the removal of a stimulus, in this context the stimulus is something the individual finds pleasurable.
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Self-directed learning (SDL) refers to when an individual identifies their learning needs and sets their own educational objectives. It can also involve the individual formulating an action plan that includes identifying the necessary resources, learning strategies, and assessment procedures. SDL happens at all stages of life, but tends to occur frequently in informal and adult
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