Expectancy violation theory is a communication theory that explains how people react when social norms or expectations are violated. Suppose someone comes very close to you while talking. They have violated the polite etiquette of the workplace, and you may now have negative feelings toward them. However, who the violator is can significantly shape this […]
Expectancy Violation Theory: Definition & Examples Read More »
Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability to understand, communicate, and develop harmonious relations with other human beings. Individuals with high levels of interpersonal intelligence can be sensitive to other’s people’s moods and motivations, and often show compassion and kindness. Interpersonal intelligence is one of Gardner’s 8 types of multiple intelligences. Examples of famous people with
10 Interpersonal Intelligence Examples (Plus Pros & Cons) Read More »
Informal deviance refers to the breaking of social norms, without violating any law. If you were to violate the law, you would be crossing over to formal deviance. An example of informal deviance is the act of staring at someone in public. There are no formal laws against such behavior, but it is considered socially
Informal Deviance (Sociology): Definition and Examples Read More »
The pacesetting leadership style is characterized by being very results-oriented, with an emphasis on setting clear goals and achieving high standards of performance. Work teams are expected to function with little oversight and be internally motivated. When an organization is operating in a highly competitive industry, a pacesetting leadership style can be extremely beneficial. Projects
Pacesetting Leadership: Examples, Pros and Cons Read More »
Compassion is when we feel sympathy for another person’s suffering and want to help. The term originates from the Latin word compati, which means “to suffer with”. There are two components of its meaning: the first is the feeling of sympathy, and the second is the motivation to relieve suffering. This is what makes it
15 Compassion Examples Read More »
Construct validity is a type of validity that looks at whether a test is measuring what it is supposed to measure. The social sciences involve the study of many phenomena that cannot be directly observed, like emotional intelligence and self-esteem. You can’t put these abstract constructs on a scale and measure their weight! Researchers must
10 Construct Validity Examples (and Ways to Test It!) Read More »
Unconscious bias is an attitude, assumption, or belief that implicitly influences our thinking. We have these biases without actively thinking about them or even knowing we hold them. They are the opposite of conscious biases, which are biases we know we hold. Common examples of unconscious biases that humans hold include gender, race, and age-based
25 Unconscious Bias Examples Read More »
The halo effect occurs when your judgment of one feature of a thing affects your overall impression of it. For example, you LOVE Italy and Italians even though you have only spent one week in Rome ten years ago (which happened to be really fun). Rather than making careful and deliberative evaluations of independent factors,
15 Halo Effect Examples Read More »
The trait theory of leadership postulates that leaders are born with several personality characteristics that make them natural leaders. Individuals born with certain traits then engage in specific behaviors that make them leaders. According to trait theory, being a great leader cannot be learned. There are a set of attributes that great leaders are born
11 Trait Theory of Leadership Examples Read More »
Internal consistency reliability is a way to determine if all the questions on a survey, test, or personality scale are measuring the same thing. For example, if designing a test on geometry, then all questions on the test should be about geometry. There are two main ways to measure internal consistency. The first is by
15 Internal Consistency Reliability Examples Read More »
