The Six Principles of Andragogy 1. Self-Concept Self-concept refers to the evolving perception of oneself as a learner. Our self-perception as a learner shifts as we transition from youth into adulthood. For example, adults, unlike children, tend to identify themselves as being responsible for their own decisions, including the decision to learn (Knowles, 1990). One […]
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Examples of pedagogical skills include: alternating your tone of voice, asking questions to find out prior knowledge and changing up the classroom layout.
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Examples 1. Physiological Needs Physiological needs represent the base needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. They refer to the basic things that humans need for survival. Examples of physiological needs include: 2. Safety Needs One physiological needs are met, Maslow argues that people start focusing on their safety and security needs.
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The 5 Levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system presents an ecological perspective of human development that is made up of 5 levels, with each successive level being a superset of the one preceding it. These levels can be conceptualized visually as a ring of 5 concentric circles expanding outwards from the innermost
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Definition of Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory was founded by George C. Homans (Homans, 1961) and most comprehensively developed by John W. Thibaut, Harold H Kelly, Peter M. Blau, Richard M. Emerson, and Claude Lévi-Strauss. Social exchange theorists generally compare all human interactions with the financial market. Unlike economic exchange, however, the elements of
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Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes simultaneously. Cognitive Dissonance Examples 1. Unhealthy eating Eating unhealthy food despite knowing its adverse health effects is an example of cognitive dissonance. Such tension arises from believing that one should eat healthy, nutritious food but then eating unhealthy
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Examples of Elaborative Rehearsal 1. Remembering through imagery If you are somebody that struggles with remembering names, an elaborative rehearsal technique would be to associate a new person’s name with an image already retained in your memory. If a person introduces themself as Cliff, you could create an image of a steep rock face to
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Maintenance Rehearsal Examples 1. Number retention A commonly-used example is when you need to memorize a phone number when there is no way of writing it down. Most people struggle to remember the whole number for any length of time, as they’re using maintenance rehearsal memory storage. Only if you repeat the number over and
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Piaget vs Vygotsky 1. Difference: Stages of Development vs. Continuous Development One of the primary differences between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories lies in their views on how development occurs. Piaget proposed a stage-based theory of development (discontinuous development), where children progress through a series of four distinct, universal stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal
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Conditioned Response Examples 1. Running for Food when a Bell Rings (For Cats and Dogs) Stimulus: BellResponse: Salivation One of the easiest things to teach an animal is that a bell means food. To do this, simply ring a bell every time you give your pet some food. Through repetition, the animal will come to
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