The false cause fallacy is an argument where a false or incorrect cause is given for the conclusion of an argument. Causation (X happens because Y happened) is an important part of the way we prove things. It plays an important part in the way we form our arguments. For example, when I say: “I […]
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The “third variable problem” refers to a situation in statistical analysis where an association between two variables might be better explained by a relationship with a third variable, which is not considered in the analysis. As Bernardo Carducci of Indiana University Southeast defines it, “The third-variable problem exists when the observed relationship between two variables
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A moderating variable is a factor that influences the strength or direction of the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. Here is a scholarly definition from Veronica Hefner (2017): “The term moderating variable refers to a variable that can strengthen, diminish, negate, or otherwise alter the association between independent and dependent variables. Moderating
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A mediating variable is a factor that explains the process through which an independent variable affects a dependent variable. Here is a scholarly definition from Veronica Hefner (2017): “A mediating variable is a variable that links the independent and the dependent variables, and whose existence explains the relationship between the other two variables. A mediating variable is also
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Pride is a feeling of deep satisfaction derived from one’s own achievements, the achievements of those with whom one is closely associated or from qualities or possessions that are widely admired. In Christian theology, pride is traditionally considered one of the Seven Deadly Sins, often described as an excessive belief in one’s own abilities or
Continuous data refers to data that can take on an infinite number of values within a given range. This data can generally be divided into fractions and decimals (Christman & Badgett, 2009; Evans, 2019). It is contrasted with discrete data, often also called discontinuous data, which works only in whole numbers (e.g number of students
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Scarcity refers to the limited availability of resources to meet unlimited wants and needs. It is a central concept in economics, explaining the situation where resources are significantly below demand (Turner, 2019). Because resources (such as food, water, and produce) are limited and sometimes cannot meet all the wants and needs of individuals and societies,
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Time series data refers to a group of data points that are recorded at successive points in time, typically at uniform intervals, which, when combined, can help to show trends and patterns over time. Temperature readings taken daily over decades and daily stock market closing prices are two examples of time series data. We could
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Spanish people features stereotypically include tanned skin, brunette hair, and amber eyes. However, Spain is a very multicultural company, so you’ll find great physical diversity among the Spanish people, and the stereotypes are not truly representative of the nation’s inhabitants. Spanish people, also called the Spaniards, have a diverse and complicated heritage due to a
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Discrete data refers to specific, distinct values or outcomes, often derived from countable items or events. For example, the number of students in a class, the number of cars in a parking lot, and the types of fruits in a basket are all examples of discrete data. Features of discrete data include: A benefit of
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