A discourse community is a community of people who share basic goals or interests and ways of communicating about them. These are groups that have common goals, purposes, or interests and use the same set of discourses to achieve and communicate about them (Borg, 2003). Examples of discourse communities include academic communities, business groups, fitness […]
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According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur simultaneously. For example, seeing a bear simultaneously triggers the feeling of fear and the physiological response of trembling. According to Cannon-Bard theory, these occur at the same time and independently of one another. In other words, the physiological response
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Expansion diffusion is one of six types of cultural diffusion. It refers to cultural diffusion that starts in one central location and spreads. Examples of expansion diffusion include the spread of Roman culture during the expansion of the Roman Empire and the spread of Western culture during British Imperialism. Expansion diffusion is commonly taught in
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Biocentrism is an ethical worldview that states that all living things carry an inherent value and are therefore to be considered morally (Attfield, 2013). Examples of biocentrism include embracing vegetarianism, being anti-deforestation, opposing the fur trade, and opposing animal testing. We define biocentrism in contrast to ecocentrism and anthropocentrism, which each refer to differing approaches
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Ecocentrism is an ethical worldview that recognizes the inherent value of all lifeforms and ecosystems themselves which are in turn to be considered morally (Washington, Taylor, Kopnina, Cryer, & Piccolo, 2017). It breaks from anthropocentrism, which places humans at the top of a value hierarchy, and instead proposes a more holistic worldview. Similarly, it goes
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Bureaucratic theory explains the setup, operation, and management of organizations as formal, rational, well-organized, hierarchical systems. According to bureaucratic theory, organizations have well-defined rules and processes and focus on efficiency. They are characterized by task specialization, well-trained employees, a hierarchical structure, managerial dedication and impersonality. Max Weber (1864-1920), widely regarded as a founder of modern
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Hegemonic Stability Theory (HST for short) describes the dynamics of the new economic and political world order founded after World War II. HST is based on research from political science, economics, and history. At the core of this theory lies the assumption that a stable liberal economic world order needs to be dominated by a
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Social facilitation is a concept in social psychology that describes the often-observed phenomenon that people work harder and perform better on tasks in the presence of other people. In other words, people do worse on tasks alone and perform better when they are working alongside someone else or in the presence of other people. Social
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Collaboration refers to the process of coming together as a group of two or more people in order to work in common interests. It generally involves working toward shared goals. We see examples of collaboration in our everyday life, from seeing brands coming together to cross-promote each others’ products to teams at school working on
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Anthropocentrism is the idea that the human experience is the center from which to structure and organize the world. This worldview is evident in most dominant philosophies and religions today. However, it is criticized by some influential contemporary philosophers such as Peter Singer. Examples of anthropocentrism can be seen in the willingness of humans to
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