An abstract philosophical question is one that deals with concepts rather than concrete facts, often exploring ideas that cannot be easily observed or measured.
For example, it might ask about the nature of existence, the meaning of life, or the concept of free will. These questions typically provoke deep thought and discussion, as they don’t have straightforward or empirical answers.
Below I’ve listed 50 of these sorts of abstract questions. If you’re a teacher, I’ve also included some scaffolding prompts you can use to ask your students when posing those questions for them.
Abstract Philosophical Questions
1. What is the meaning of life?
The meaning of life is subjective and varies from person to person. Some find meaning through relationships, achievements, or serving a higher purpose. Others believe that life’s meaning is something each individual creates for themselves.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a time when you felt your life had a particular meaning or purpose?
- How do different cultures or religions view the meaning of life?
2. Can happiness be measured?
Happiness is difficult to measure because it is subjective and varies greatly between individuals. Self-reports and surveys can provide insights, but they may not capture the full picture. External indicators like health and social relationships can also be used, though they may not always align with personal feelings of happiness.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What are some ways you measure your own happiness?
- Do you think wealth or success can determine happiness? Why or why not?
3. What defines a person’s identity?
A person’s identity is shaped by a combination of factors including genetics, environment, experiences, and personal choices. It encompasses various aspects such as personality, beliefs, values, and social roles. Identity is dynamic and can evolve over time as people grow and change.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How do you think your identity has changed over the past few years?
- What factors do you think are most influential in shaping a person’s identity?
4. Do we have free will or is everything predetermined?
The debate between free will and determinism centers on whether our choices are truly our own or influenced by external factors. Some argue that we have the ability to make independent choices, while others believe that our actions are shaped by prior causes and conditions. This question challenges our understanding of autonomy and responsibility.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a time when you felt you had no control over what happened?
- Do you believe your decisions are entirely your own, or are they influenced by other factors?
5. What is the nature of reality?
The nature of reality is a fundamental philosophical question that examines what is truly real. Some believe that reality is what we perceive through our senses, while others argue that there is a deeper, objective reality beyond our perceptions. This inquiry often leads to discussions about the limitations of human perception and the possibility of multiple realities.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How do you know that what you see and experience is real?
- Do you think there could be more to reality than what we can perceive with our senses?
6. Is there such a thing as absolute truth?
The concept of absolute truth suggests that certain facts or principles are universally valid regardless of context or perspective. Some philosophers argue that absolute truths exist in areas like mathematics and logic. Others believe that truth is relative and shaped by cultural, historical, and individual perspectives.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you give an example of something you believe to be absolutely true?
- How might different cultures view the idea of truth differently?
7. Can a person change their destiny?
The idea of destiny implies a predetermined course of events in a person’s life. Some believe that individuals have the power to change their destiny through choices and actions. Others argue that destiny is fixed and unchangeable, influenced by factors beyond our control.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Have you ever felt like something in your life was meant to happen?
- Do you think your actions can change what happens to you in the future?
8. What is the purpose of art?
Art serves multiple purposes, including self-expression, communication, and emotional release. It can challenge societal norms, inspire change, and provide aesthetic pleasure. The purpose of art often depends on the context in which it is created and perceived.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Why do you think people create art?
- How does art affect your life or the way you see the world?
9. How do we know if something is truly real?
Determining the reality of something involves questioning our perceptions and the nature of existence. Philosophers like Descartes have explored this through skepticism, suggesting that our senses can be deceiving. The debate continues over whether there is an objective reality or if everything is subject to interpretation.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Have you ever experienced something that made you question what is real?
- How do you think we can determine if something is truly real or not?
10. What is the nature of consciousness?
Consciousness is the state of being aware of and able to think about oneself and the environment. Its nature is one of the most profound mysteries in philosophy and science, involving questions about the mind-brain relationship and subjective experience. Theories range from seeing consciousness as a purely physical process to considering it a fundamental aspect of the universe.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What does it feel like to be conscious?
- Do you think animals or even computers could ever be conscious like humans are?
11. Is it more important to be loved or respected?
Love and respect are both essential for healthy relationships and personal fulfillment. Some may prioritize love for its emotional connection and support, while others may value respect for its affirmation of one’s abilities and worth. The balance between love and respect can vary based on individual needs and situations.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a situation where you felt loved but not respected, or vice versa?
- Which do you think is more important in a friendship or a family relationship?
12. Can humans achieve true altruism?
True altruism involves selfless concern for the well-being of others, without any expectation of reward or benefit. While some argue that true altruism is possible, others believe that all actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest, even if it is just the satisfaction of helping others. The debate explores the motivations behind human behavior and the nature of selflessness.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a time when you did something completely selfless for someone else?
- Do you believe people can act purely out of concern for others, without any personal gain?
13. What is the role of suffering in human life?
Suffering is an inevitable part of the human experience, and it can lead to growth, empathy, and resilience. Some philosophies and religions view suffering as a necessary component of life that brings meaning and purpose. Others seek to minimize suffering and question its value in the broader context of human existence.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How has suffering or a difficult experience shaped your life?
- Do you think suffering is necessary for personal growth? Why or why not?
14. Are people inherently good or evil?
The question of whether people are inherently good or evil has been debated for centuries. Some believe that humans are born with a natural inclination toward goodness and empathy, while others argue that selfishness and cruelty are innate traits. The discussion often involves examining the influence of nature versus nurture in shaping human behavior.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Do you think people are born with a certain nature, or is it shaped by their environment?
- Can you think of examples from history or your own life that support either viewpoint?
15. What does it mean to live a good life?
Living a good life can mean different things to different people, often involving a combination of happiness, fulfillment, and moral integrity. Philosophers have various views on what constitutes a good life, from pursuing pleasure to following virtue or achieving self-actualization. The concept invites individuals to reflect on their values and what brings meaning to their lives.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What are the most important factors that contribute to your idea of a good life?
- How do you think cultural or personal values influence what it means to live a good life?
16. Is it possible to have a society without rules?
A society without rules would lack structure, potentially leading to chaos and conflict. While some envision a utopian society where individuals govern themselves through mutual respect and cooperation, others argue that rules and laws are necessary to maintain order and protect rights. The discussion raises questions about human nature and the role of governance.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What do you think would happen if there were no rules in your school or community?
- Can you imagine a way people might live together peacefully without formal rules?
17. Can one person make a significant difference in the world?
Individuals have the potential to make significant impacts on the world through their actions, ideas, and leadership. History is filled with examples of people who have brought about change, whether through social movements, scientific discoveries, or cultural contributions. The question inspires discussions about the power of individual agency and the importance of personal responsibility.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of someone who has made a big difference in the world?
- What qualities or actions do you think enable a person to create significant change?
18. What is the value of education?
Education is valued for its role in developing knowledge, critical thinking, and personal growth. It provides individuals with the skills and understanding necessary to navigate and contribute to society. The value of education extends beyond economic benefits, encompassing the development of informed and engaged citizens.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How has your education impacted your life so far?
- Why do you think education is important for society as a whole?
19. Does technology help or hinder human progress?
Technology has the potential to both advance and complicate human progress. It can improve quality of life, increase access to information, and solve complex problems, but it can also lead to dependency, privacy issues, and social disconnection. The discussion often involves weighing the benefits and drawbacks of technological advancements.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a technology that has significantly improved your life?
- Are there ways in which you think technology has made life more difficult or less enjoyable?
20. What is the nature of time?
Time is a fundamental concept that is experienced subjectively and measured objectively. Philosophers and scientists debate whether time is an absolute, flowing entity or a construct of human perception. The nature of time raises questions about its relationship to existence, change, and the universe.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How do you perceive the passage of time in your daily life?
- Do you think time would exist without human consciousness to experience it?
21. Is it possible to experience the world objectively?
Experiencing the world objectively means perceiving it without bias or personal interpretation, which is challenging due to individual perspectives and cognitive limitations. Our senses and experiences shape how we understand reality, often introducing subjectivity. The question explores the limits of human perception and the potential for objective understanding.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a situation where your perspective differed from someone else’s?
- How might personal experiences influence how we see the world?
22. What is the role of dreams in our lives?
Dreams serve various roles, from processing emotions and experiences to providing insight and inspiration. They can reflect our subconscious thoughts and fears or offer solutions to problems. The role of dreams remains a topic of fascination and study in psychology and philosophy.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Have you ever had a dream that seemed to have a deeper meaning?
- Do you think dreams can help us understand ourselves better? How?
23. Can we truly understand another person’s perspective?
Understanding another person’s perspective involves empathy and the ability to see things from their point of view. While we can strive to understand others, complete understanding may be limited by our own experiences and biases. This question highlights the importance of communication and empathy in human relationships.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you describe a time when you felt misunderstood?
- What are some ways we can better understand each other’s perspectives?
24. What makes something morally right or wrong?
Moral judgments about what is right or wrong are influenced by cultural, religious, and personal values. Some believe in universal moral principles, while others argue that morality is relative and context-dependent. The question examines the foundations of ethical behavior and decision-making.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a moral dilemma where there was no clear right or wrong answer?
- How do you determine what is morally right or wrong in your own life?
25. How do we determine the value of a life?
Determining the value of a life involves complex ethical considerations, often influenced by cultural, social, and personal beliefs. Some argue that all lives have inherent value, while others consider factors like contributions to society or relationships. The question challenges us to think about what makes life valuable and meaningful.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What do you think makes a person’s life valuable?
- How do different cultures or philosophies view the value of life?
26. Is beauty subjective or objective?
Beauty can be seen as subjective, varying based on individual preferences and cultural standards, or as objective, with certain qualities universally recognized as beautiful. This question explores how perceptions of beauty are formed and whether there are universal standards. It also considers the role of aesthetics in human experience.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of something that you find beautiful but others might not?
- Do you think there are certain things that everyone would agree are beautiful?
27. What is the relationship between the mind and body?
The mind-body relationship explores how mental states, like thoughts and emotions, interact with physical states, such as brain activity and health. Philosophical perspectives range from dualism, viewing mind and body as separate, to monism, seeing them as interconnected aspects of a single entity. This question delves into the nature of consciousness and physical existence.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How do you think your thoughts and feelings affect your physical health?
- Do you believe the mind and body are separate, or do they influence each other?
28. Can money buy happiness?
While money can provide comfort and security, its ability to buy happiness is limited and often debated. Research suggests that beyond a certain point, increased wealth does not significantly enhance well-being. The question examines the relationship between material wealth and emotional fulfillment.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What are some things that money can buy that might make you happy?
- Do you think there are aspects of happiness that money can’t buy? Why?
29. What is the significance of love?
Love is a powerful emotion that can provide deep connection, support, and meaning in life. It plays a crucial role in human relationships and personal fulfillment. The significance of love extends to its impact on mental and physical health, societal bonds, and individual growth.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How has love impacted your life or the lives of those around you?
- Why do you think love is important for humans?
30. How do we know what we know?
Epistemology, the study of knowledge, explores how we acquire, justify, and validate what we know. It questions the sources of knowledge, such as perception, reason, memory, and testimony, and examines the certainty and limits of human understanding. This question encourages critical thinking about the nature and origins of knowledge.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How do you determine if something you learn is true?
- Can you think of a time when you believed something that turned out to be false?
31. Is it better to be smart or wise?
Being smart involves having knowledge and intellectual ability, while being wise encompasses good judgment and the ability to apply knowledge effectively. Wisdom often comes with experience and understanding of life’s complexities. This question explores the value of intelligence versus practical wisdom in making decisions and navigating life.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a situation where being wise was more important than being smart?
- How do you think someone can become wiser?
32. What does it mean to be free?
Freedom involves the ability to act, speak, or think without external constraints. It includes various dimensions, such as personal freedom, political freedom, and psychological freedom. The concept of freedom raises questions about autonomy, responsibility, and the limits of individual liberty.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How do you feel when you are free to make your own choices?
- What are some examples of freedoms you value in your life?
33. Can we ever achieve true justice?
We tend to think justice involves fairness, equality, and the impartial treatment of individuals. But achieving justice is challenging due to differing perspectives on justice (see: types of justice), biases, and systemic inequalities. This question examines the complexities of creating a just society and the obstacles that must be overcome.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of an example where justice was or was not served?
- What changes do you think are needed to achieve a more just society?
34. What is the role of government in our lives?
The government plays a role in maintaining order, protecting rights, and providing public services. The extent and nature of government involvement are subjects of debate, ranging from minimal intervention to active regulation and support. This question explores the balance between government authority and individual freedom.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How do you think the government impacts your daily life?
- What do you believe are the most important responsibilities of the government?
35. Is it better to follow your head or your heart?
Following your head involves logical and rational decision-making, while following your heart is guided by emotions and intuition. Both approaches have their merits, depending on the situation and individual preferences. This question explores the balance between reason and emotion in making choices.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you recall a time when you followed your heart and it worked out well?
- When do you think it’s important to rely on logic rather than emotions?
36. What is the nature of truth?
Truth can be seen as objective, based on facts and reality, or subjective, influenced by personal beliefs and perspectives. The nature of truth involves understanding how we determine and validate what is true. This question examines the complexities of discerning truth in a world with diverse worldviews.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How do you decide if something you hear or read is true?
- Can you think of a situation where different people had different truths?
37. Are humans naturally competitive or cooperative?
Human behavior exhibits both competitive and cooperative tendencies, influenced by biological, social, and environmental factors. Some argue that competition drives progress and innovation, while cooperation fosters community and mutual support. This question explores the balance between these traits in human nature.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a time when working together led to a better outcome?
- How do you feel when you compete with others? Does it motivate or stress you?
38. What is the importance of friendship?
Friendship provides emotional support, companionship, and a sense of belonging. It plays a crucial role in mental and emotional well-being, offering trust and understanding. The importance of friendship lies in its ability to enrich life and provide a network of support during challenging times.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How has a friend helped you through a difficult situation?
- What qualities do you value most in a friend?
39. Can we have knowledge without experience?
Knowledge can be acquired through experience, learning, and observation. Some argue that experience is essential for true understanding, while others believe that knowledge can also come from education and reasoning. This question examines the relationship between theoretical knowledge and practical experience.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Have you ever learned something in school that you understood better after experiencing it in real life?
- Do you think it’s possible to fully understand something without experiencing it firsthand?
40. What is the purpose of storytelling?
Storytelling serves to entertain, educate, and preserve culture and history. It allows people to share experiences, convey moral lessons, and connect with others emotionally. The purpose of storytelling extends to its role in shaping identities and influencing social values.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What is your favorite story, and why does it resonate with you?
- How do stories help you understand the world or other people better?
41. How does one define success?
Success can be defined in various ways, including personal achievement, happiness, and fulfillment. For some, success is measured by career accomplishments or financial stability, while others prioritize relationships and personal growth. This question encourages reflection on what truly matters in life.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What does success mean to you personally?
- Can you think of someone you consider successful? Why?
42. What is the role of religion in society?
Religion plays a role in shaping moral values, providing community and support, and offering explanations for existential questions. It can promote social cohesion and provide a sense of purpose. The role of religion varies greatly across different cultures and societies.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- How has religion influenced your community or family?
- Do you think society would be different without religion? How?
43. Is it possible to live without hope?
Hope provides motivation, resilience, and a sense of possibility for the future. Living without hope can lead to despair and a lack of purpose. This question examines the importance of hope in maintaining mental and emotional well-being.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a time when hope helped you get through a tough situation?
- What gives you hope in challenging times?
44. What is the essence of courage?
Courage involves facing fear, adversity, or uncertainty with determination and strength. It is often seen as the ability to act despite potential risks or consequences. The essence of courage lies in the willingness to confront challenges and stand up for one’s beliefs.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you describe a time when you had to be courageous?
- What do you think makes someone courageous?
45. Can You be truly selfless?
True selflessness involves acting for the benefit of others without expecting anything in return. While some believe true selflessness is possible, others argue that all actions have some element of self-interest. This question explores the motivations behind altruistic behavior.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Have you ever done something kind for someone without expecting anything in return?
- Do you think it’s possible to be completely selfless? Why or why not?
46. What is the meaning of freedom?
Freedom encompasses the ability to make choices and act without undue constraints. It includes various aspects such as political freedom, personal autonomy, and freedom of expression. The meaning of freedom can differ based on individual and cultural perspectives.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What freedoms do you value most in your life?
- How do you think freedom can be protected or enhanced in society?
47. What is the relationship between happiness and meaning?
Happiness and meaning are interconnected, with meaningful activities often contributing to a sense of well-being. While happiness is associated with positive emotions, meaning involves a deeper sense of purpose and fulfillment. This question explores how the pursuit of meaning can influence overall happiness.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of an activity that brings both happiness and meaning to your life?
- Do you think it’s more important to pursue happiness or meaning? Why?
48. How do we reconcile individual rights with the common good?
Balancing individual rights with the common good involves ensuring personal freedoms while promoting societal welfare. This often requires finding compromises and establishing fair laws and policies. The question examines the challenges of creating a society that respects both individual autonomy and collective well-being.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a situation where individual rights might conflict with the common good?
- How do you think such conflicts should be resolved?
49. Is there a universal moral code?
A universal moral code suggests that certain ethical principles are valid for all people regardless of culture or context. Some argue that basic moral values, like honesty and compassion, are universal. Others believe that morality is relative and influenced by cultural and individual differences.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- Can you think of a moral principle that you believe should be followed by everyone?
- How do different cultures or societies view morality?
50. What does it mean to be human?
Being human encompasses physical, emotional, intellectual, and social aspects. It involves the capacity for self-awareness, creativity, and complex social interactions. This question encourages exploration of the qualities that define humanity and differentiate humans from other beings.
Scaffolding Prompt:
- What do you think are the most important characteristics of being human?
- How do you think humans are different from other animals?
Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]